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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study subjects according to the severity of NAFLD

From: Severe, but not mild to moderate, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with increased risk of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis

 

Total population (n = 817)

Normal (n = 217) Group 0

Mild NAFLD (n = 499) Group 1

Moderate NAFLD (n = 65) Group 2

Severe NAFLD (n = 36) Group 3

p value

0 versus 1

0 versus 2

0 versus 3

1 versus 2

1 versus 3

2 versus 3

Age

54.207 ± 10.025

55.687 ± 10.368

53.104 ± 9.831

57.015 ± 8.776

55.500 ± 10.790

0.001

0.009

0.999

0.999

0.018

0.978

0.999

Gender (male)

491 (60.2%)

109 (50.2%)

310 (62.2%)

43 (66.2%)

29 (80.6%)

0.001

0.015

0.124

0.003

0.999

0.175

0.923

BMI (kg/m2)

24.943 ± 3.833

23.421 ± 3.294

25.152 ± 3.799

26.468 ± 3.238

28.419 ± 4.399

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.039

 < 0.0001

0.062

Hypertension

290 (36.1%)

60 (28.3%)

179 (36.2%)

31 (50%)

20 (57.1%)

0.001

0.257

0.010

0.006

0.193

0.074

0.999

Diabetes mellitus

132 (16.4%)

18 (8.5%)

83 (16.7%)

17 (27.4%)

14 (41.2%)

 < 0.0001

0.036

0.002

 < 0.0001

0.178

0.001

0.463

Smoking habits

233 (29.9%)

55 (26.6%)

149 (31.2%)

18 (29.5%)

11 (34.4%)

0.621

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

Pack-year

8.35 ± 16.714

6.67 ± 14.761

8.48 ± 16.230

11.31 ± 22.162

12.07 ± 23.011

0.147

0.999

0.365

0.622

0.999

0.999

0.999

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

202.125 ± 38.277

205.070 ± 39.542

202.927 ± 36.990

192.934 ± 41.894

188.686 ± 38.347

0.025

0.999

0.171

0.112

0.322

0.198

0.999

HDL-C (mg/dL)

47.852 ± 13.445

52.721 ± 14.867

46.669 ± 12.814

44.279 ± 9.715

40.914 ± 9.687

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.999

0.073

0.999

LDL-C (mg/dL)

119.366 ± 31.624

121.670 ± 31.440

118.033 ± 30.795

122.483 ± 36.765

118.714 ± 35.029

0.455

0.958

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

144.561 ± 91.717

112.140 ± 60.813

153.131 ± 86.891

157.410 ± 96.694

200.114 ± 196.220

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.003

 < 0.0001

0.999

0.016

0.146

HbA1c (%)

6.009 ± 0.972

5.794 ± 0.631

6.020 ± 1.046

6.362 ± 1.005

6.571 ± 1.157

 < 0.0001

0.025

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.061

0.006

0.999

Body-fat percentage

24.14 ± 7.916

23.69 ± 11.644

24.12 ± 6.064

25.50 ± 5.979

24.58 ± 6.125

0.485

0.999

0.758

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

83.35 ± 28.18

83.99 ± 47.70

82.73 ± 16.44

83.49 ± 14.93

87.78 ± 16.62

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

Framingham risk score (%)

     

0.018

0.477

0.134

0.062

0.998

0.378

0.999

 < 6

213 (26.8%)

69 (32.7%)

129 (26.3%)

11 (18.0%)

4 (11.8%)

       

≧ 6

583 (73.2%)

142 (67.3%)

361 (73.7%)

50 (82.0%)

30 (88.2%)

       

CAC score ≧ 100

103 (12.6%)

24 (11.1%)

46 (9.2%)

20 (30.8%)

13 (37.1%)

 < 0.0001

0.999

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.999

CAC score ≧ 400

40 (4.9%)

12 (5.5%)

15 (3.0%)

5 (7.7%)

8 (22.9%)

 < 0.0001

0.875

0.999

 < 0.0001

0.573

 < 0.0001

0.004

CAD-RADS ≧ 3

78 (9.6%)

19 (8.8%)

41 (8.2%)

10 (15.4%)

8 (22.2%)

0.015

0.999

0.673

0.066

0.383

0.034

0.999

Vulnerable plaque (s)

119 (14.6%)

29 (13.4%)

63 (12.6%)

16 (24.6%)

11 (30.6%)

0.002

0.999

0.141

0.039

0.058

0.019

0.999

  1. BMI body mass index, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CAC coronary artery calcium, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, CAD-RADS the coronary artery disease-reporting and data system
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