Variable | Value | Derivation cohort (n = 1014) | Validation cohort (n = 254) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (men) | 873 (68.8%) | 709 (69.9%) | 164 (64.6%) |
Age (years) | 58 ± 17 | 58 ± 17 | 58 ± 17 |
Age ≥ 75 years | 227 (17.9%) | 179 (17.7%) | 48 (18.9%) |
Etiologies (n, %) | |||
Ischemic heart disease | 385 (30.4) | 336 (33.1) | 49 (19.3) |
Valvular disease | 215 (17.0) | 161 (15.9) | 54 (21.3) |
Cardiomyopathy | 438 (34.5) | 330 (32.5) | 108 (42.6) |
Arrhythmias | 42 (3.3) | 39 (3.8) | 3 (1.2) |
Myocarditis and pericardial disease | 29 (2.3) | 23 (2.3) | 6 (2.5) |
Congenital heart disease | 62 (4.9) | 43 (4.2) | 19 (7.4) |
Aortic disease | 7 (0.6) | 6 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) |
Pulmonary heart disease | 33 (2.6) | 30 (3.0) | 3 (1.2) |
Infiltration and toxic damage | 56 (4.4) | 46 (4.5) | 10 (4.1) |
Cardiogenic shock (n,%) | 89 (7.0) | 62 (6.1) | 27 (10.6) |
NYHA IV (n,%) | 621 (49.0) | 466 (46.0) | 155 (61.0) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.90 ± 4.50 | 24.05 ± 4.50 | 23.56 ± 4.86 |
Glasgow coma scale | 14.8 ± 0.85 | 14.8 ± 0.86 | 14.7 ± 0.86 |
Temperature (℃) | 36.35 ± 0.42 | 36.33 ± 0.43 | 36.40 ± 0.38 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.06 ± 20.46 | 115.86 ± 20.37 | 111.88 ± 20.49 |
HR (BPM) | 80 ± 19 | 80 ± 19 | 81 ± 21 |
RR (min−1) | 19 ± 3 | 19 ± 3 | 19 ± 3 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 342 (27.0) | 273 (26.9) | 69 (27.2) |
Smoking (%) | 632 (49.8) | 512 (50.5) | 120 (47.2) |
Alcohol use (%) | 509 (40.1) | 412 (40.6) | 97 (38.2) |
Arterial pH | 7.45 ± 0.11 | 7.44 ± 0.11 | 7.46 ± 0.05 |
PaO2 (mmHg) | 87.46 ± 26.79 | 88.01 ± 25.38 | 85.30 ± 31.65 |
AB (mmol/L) | 24.41 ± 4.40 | 24.44 ± 4.43 | 24.30 ± 4.33 |
Lactic acid (mmol/L) | 1.82 ± 1.15 | 1.83 ± 1.20 | 1.78 ± 1.03 |
Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 136.06 ± 5.05 | 136.35 ± 5.08 | 134.92 ± 4.76 |
Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.05 ± 0.58 | 4.06 ± 0.58 | 4.02 ± 0.60 |
Leukocyte count (× 109/L) | 7.8 ± 3.5 | 7.8 ± 3.5 | 8.0 ± 3.7 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 134.9 ± 24.7 | 135.8 ± 24.3 | 131.5 ± 25.8 |
Hematocrit | 0.409 ± 0.071 | 0.411 ± 0.070 | 0.398 ± 0.074 |
INR | 1.39 ± 0.89 | 1.37 ± 0.96 | 1.46 ± 0.58 |
D-dimer (mg/L) | 2.24 ± 3.49 | 2.21 ± 3.83 | 2.35 ± 2.92 |
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 29.5 ± 25.3 | 29.7 ± 24.0 | 28.5 ± 29.9 |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 540.4 ± 196.3 | 532.1 ± 191.0 | 573.4 ± 213.3 |
Hs-TNI (μg/L) | 0.045 (0.02–0.10) | 0.04 (0.02–0.10) | 0.06 (0.02–0.13) |
NT-proBNP (ng/ml) | 5478.2 (2286.5–11,957.3) | 4966.5 (2171.3–10,728.9) | 6821.2 (3028.5–17,569.3) |
LVEF | |||
HFrEF (yes, %) | 790 (62.3) | 629 (62.0) | 161 (63.4) |
HFmrEF (yes, %) | 176 (13.9) | 141 (13.9) | 35 (13.8) |
HFpEF (yes, %) | 302 (23.8) | 244 (24.1) | 58 (22.8) |
PASP > 30 mmHg (%) | 590 (46.5) | 456 (45.0) | 134 (52.8) |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) | |||
eGFR ≥ 90 (%) | 271 (21.4) | 232 (22.9) | 39 (15.3) |
60 ≤ eGFR < 90 (%) | 375 (29.6) | 283 (27.9) | 92 (36.2) |
30 ≤ eGFR < 60 (%) | 489 (38.6) | 383 (37.8) | 106 (41.7) |
15 ≤ eGFR < 30 (%) | 109 (8.6) | 97 (9.6) | 12 (4.7) |
eGFR < 15 (%) | 24 (1.9) | 19 (1.8) | 5 (2.0) |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 451 (35.6) | 349 (34.5) | 102 (40.2) |
Pleural effusion (%) | 404 (31.9) | 322 (31.8) | 82 (32.3) |
Hospitalization time (days) | 13 (9–18) | 13 (8–17) | 15 (10–20) |
Outcomes | |||
Composite endpoint (%) | 181 (14.3) | 144 (14.2) | 37 (14.6) |
In-hospital death (%) | 117 (9.2) | 93 (9.2) | 24 (9.4) |
In-hospital cardiac arrest (%) | 48 (3.8) | 41 (4.0) | 7 (2.8) |
Applications of IABP or ECMO (%) | 16 (1.3) | 10 (1.0) | 6 (2.4) |
Heart transplantation (%) | 45 (3.5) | 32 (3.2) | 13 (5.1) |