Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Age(years)

60.30 ± 17.63

72.96 ± 11.75

75.53 ± 11.38

< 0.001

Male(n(%))

16,249 (56.42)

2162 (59.97)

3186 (55.39)

< 0.001

Comorbidities(n(%))

Hypertension

11,911 (41.35)

1929 (53.51)

2691 (46.78)

< 0.001

Diabetes

7109 (24.68)

1054 (29.32)

1648 (28.65)

< 0.001

CHD

7691 (26.70)

1857 (51.51)

2239 (38.92)

< 0.001

Congestive heart failure

5054 (17.55)

1258 (34.90)

2883 (50.12)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia

4399 (15.27)

894 (24.80)

1124 (19.54)

< 0.001

COPD

539 (1.87)

69 (1.91)

168 (2.92)

< 0.001

Previous cerebral infarction

1246 (4.33)

253 (7.02)

525 (9.13)

< 0.001

Pulmonary embolism

746 (2.59)

58 (1.61)

143 (2.49)

0.002

Sepsis

2371 (8.23)

279 (7.74)

701 (12.19)

< 0.001

Hypothyroidism

2477 (8.60)

407 (11.29)

686 (11.93)

< 0.001

Type of ICU (n(%))

< 0.001

CCU

3918 (13.60)

545 (15.12)

1147 (19.94)

CSRU

4682 (16.26)

1624 (45.05)

1269 (22.06)

MICU

10,737 (37.28)

798 (22.14)

1990 (34.60)

SICU

5059 (17.56)

390 (10.82)

846 (14.71)

TSICU

4406 (15.30)

248 (6.88)

500 (8.70)

Initial laboratory data

WBC, 10³/uL

11.74 ± 5.80

12.26 ± 5.68

12.07 ± 5.94

< 0.001

Hemoglobin, mg/dl

11.06 ± 1.99

10.44 ± 1.90

10.70 ± 1.92

< 0.001

Creatinine, mg/dl

1.2 (0.7–1.4)

1.2 (0.8–1.4)

1.4 (0.8–1.6)

< 0.001

SOFA score

3.7 (2–6)

4.6 (2–6)

4.2 (2–6)

< 0.001

Rhythm or rate control drugs(n(%))

β-blockers

13,638 (47.35)

2661 (73.81)

4371 (75.99)

< 0.001

Amiodarone

882 (3.06)

1455 (40.36)

1807 (31.42)

< 0.001

Nondihydropyridine CCB

978 (3.40)

423 (11.73)

1560 (27.12)

< 0.001

Digoxin

318 (1.10)

243 (6.75)

926 (16.10)

< 0.001

Statin (n(%))

5788 (20.10)

1459 (40.47)

1684 (29.28)

< 0.001

Warfarin (n(%))

2204 (7.65)

1206 (33.45)

2501 (43.48)

< 0.001