Characteristic | Orthostatic hypotension (OH) | Orthostatic hypertension (OHT) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | P value | |
Age category | ||||||
 18–50 years | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 51–65 years | 2.20 (1.16–4.16) | 2.40 (1.02–5.67) | 0.046 | 1.37 (0.71–2.64) | 1.26 (0.50–3.16) | 0.630 |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 Female | 1.23 (0.63–2.40) | 0.76 (0.32–1.82) | 0.535 | 3.07 (1.25–7.55) | 2.67 (0.96–7.55) | 0.061 |
History of hypertensiona | ||||||
 No | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 Yes | 2.55 (1.37–4.74) |  |  | 1.90 (0.99–3.66) |  |  |
History of palpitations | ||||||
 No | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 Yes | 2.67 (1.41–5.06) | 2.31 (1.08–4.92) | 0.031 | 3.46 (1.67–7.16) | 3.14 (1.42–6.95) | 0.005 |
Body mass index | ||||||
 < 25 kg/m2 | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1.14 (0.13–9.84) | 1.29 (0.12–13.87) | 0.832 | 1.18 (0.59–2.35) | 1.04 (0.42–2.53) | 0.937 |
Diabetic retinopathy | ||||||
 No | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 Yes | 3.56 (1.89–6.72) | 2.51 (1.14–5.53) | 0.022 | 1.71 (1.03–2.85) | 1.24 (0.56–2.75) | 0.598 |
Duration of diabetes | ||||||
 < 5 years | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 5–10 years | 0.62 (0.27–1.44) | 0.49 (0.19–1.27) | 0.143 | 0.86 (0.38–1.96) | 0.64 (0.26–1.58) | 0.331 |
 > 10 years | 2.50 (1.23–5.08) | 1.21 (0.48–3.06) | 0.689 | 1.67 (0.96–3.71) | 1.06 (0.40–2.80) | 0.903 |
Pulse pressurea | ||||||
 < 65 mmHg | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 ≥ 65 mmHg | 4.37 (2.32–8.21) |  |  | 2.69 (1.37–5.30) |  |  |
Resting systolic BP | ||||||
 < 140 mmHg | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 ≥ 140 mmHg | 5.23 (2.51–10.90) | 3.14 (1.31–8.7.56) | 0.011 | 2.53 (1.26–5.08) | 2.01 (1.10–4.42) | 0.043 |
Resting diastolic BP | ||||||
 < 90 mmHg | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 ≥ 90 mmHg | 2.42 (1.32–4.45) | 1.60 (0.75–3.43) | 0.224 | 1.37 (0.72–2.64) | 0.88 (0.40–1.97) | 0.764 |
QTc interval | ||||||
 < 440 ms | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 ≥ 440 ms | 2.9 (1.58–5.39) | 2.95 (0.99–6.14) | 0.052 | 1.87 (0.97–3.58) | 1.31 (0.63–2.69) | 0.471 |
Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) | ||||||
 ≤ 7.5% | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 > 7.5% | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 1.06 (0.45–2.45) | 0.901 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.75 (0.31–1.75) | 0.499 |