Table 2 Characteristics of 299 study participants with diabetes aged 18–65 years, by presence of orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic hypertension, southwestern Uganda
Characteristic | Orthostatic hypotension (OH) | P value | Orthostatic hypertension (OHT) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 52) | No (n = 247) | Yes (n = 43) | No (n = 256) | |||
Age in years, mean (SD) | 54 (± 8.3) | 49 (± 10) | 0.002 | 54 (± 8.3) | 49 (± 10) | 0.002 |
Occupation, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Peasant farmer | 39 (75.0) | 136 (55.1) | 0.008 | 39 (75.0) | 136 (55.1) | 0.008 |
 Business | 7 (13.5) | 57 (23.1) | 0.124 | 7 (13.5) | 57 (23.1) | 0.124 |
 Civil servant | 7 (13.5) | 44 (17.8) | 0.448 | 7 (13.5) | 44 (17.8) | 0.448 |
Female sex, n (%) | 38 (73.1) | 170 (68.8) | 0.545 | 38 (73.1) | 170 (68.8) | 0.011 |
History of smoking, n (%) | 11 (21.2) | 58 (23.5) | 0.717 | 9 (20.9) | 60 (23.4) | 0.718 |
No alcohol use, n (%) | 41 (78.9) | 168 (68.0) | 0.300 | 30 (69.8) | 179 (69.9) | 0.975 |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 33 (63.5) | 100 (40.5) | 0.002 | 25 (58.1) | 108 (42.2) | 0.051 |
Clinical symptoms, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Palpitations | 36 (69.2) | 113 (45.8) | 0.002 | 32 (74.4) | 117 (45.7) |  < 0.001 |
 Fainting | 25 (48.1) | 89 (36.0) | 0.104 | 20 (46.5) | 94 (36.7) | 0.221 |
 Numbness in feet | 36 (69.2) | 147 (59.5) | 0.191 | 29 (67.4) | 154 (60.2) | 0.364 |
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.103 | ||
 None | 29 (55.8) | 202 (81.8) |  | 28 (65.1) | 203 (79.3) |  |
 Non-proliferative | 16 (30.8) | 37 (15) |  | 11 (25.6) | 42 (16.4) |  |
 Proliferative | 7 (13.5) | 8 (3.2) |  | 4 (9.3) | 11 (4.3) |  |
Duration of diabetes in years, median (IQR) | 4 (3–12) | 4 (1–8) | 0.031 | 4 (1–11) | 4 (1–8) | 0.553 |
BMI in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.1 (± 6.1) | 27.3 (± 5.5) | 0.350 | 29.3 (± 6.8) | 27.1 (± 5.3) | 0.015 |
Waist circumference in cm, mean (SD) | 100 (± 14) | 98 (± 13) | 0.188 | 103 (± 3.0) | 97 (± 13) | 0.019 |
Fasting blood sugar in mmol/L, mean (SD) | 11.0 (± 4.5) | 11.2 (± 4.9) | 0.750 | 11.5 (± 4.9) | 11.1 (± 4.9) | 0.621 |
HbA1c, mean (SD) | 9.6 (± 2.4) | 9.7 (± 2.6) | 0.671 | 9.7 (± 2.6) | 9.7 (± 2.6) | 0.881 |
QTc interval in ms, mean (SD) | 442 (± 21) | 431 (± 22) | 0.006 | 439 (± 19) | 433 (± 22) | 0.049 |
Resting heart rate in beats/min, mean (SD) | 79 (± 15) | 76 (± 13) | 0.232 | 78 (± 15) | 76 (± 13) | 0.507 |
Pulse pressure in mmHg, mean (SD) | 68 (± 22) | 52 (± 15) |  < 0.001 | 66 (± 23) | 53 (± 16) |  < 0.001 |
Systolic BP in mmHg, mean (SD) | 158 (± 25) | 138 (± 21) |  < 0.001 | 152 (± 23) | 140 (± 22) | 0.001 |
Diastolic BP in mmHg, mean (SD) | 91 (± 12) | 86 (± 10) | 0.004 | 87 (± 12) | 86 (± 10) | 0.869 |