Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Age, years

56.6 ± 8.87

55.7 ± 8.68

58.5 ± 8.98

 < 0.001

Male sex, n (%)

3884 (66.9)

2816 (69.6)

1068 (65.8)

 < 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

24.4 ± 2.85

24.3 ± 2.77

24.6 ± 2.99

 < 0.001

Medications, n (%)

 Statins

258 (4.4)

176 (4.4)

82 (4.7)

0.644

 ARB/ACEI

243 (4.2)

141 (3.5)

102 (5.8)

 < 0.001

 Beta-blockers

577 (9.9)

246 (8.6)

231 (13.1)

 < 0.001

 Antidiabetic agents

224 (3.9)

128 (3.3)

96 (5.5)

 < 0.001

Laboratory exam

 Hemoglobin, mg/dL

14.6 ± 15.0

14.6 ± 1.45

14.4 ± 1.61

 < 0.001

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

199 ± 36.1

199 ± 35.8

199 ± 36.8

0.940

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

125 ± 33.0

125 ± 33.2

124 ± 32.5

0.356

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

52.3 ± 12.9

52.3 ± 12.7

52.1 ± 13.4

0.620

 Triglycerides, mg/dL

127 ± 81.4

127 ± 80.6

128 ± 83.2

0.608

 Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL

103 ± 23.8

102 ± 23.6

104 ± 24.0

0.055

 Creatinine, mg/dL

1.00 ± 0.37

1.02 ± 0.19

1.00 ± 0.60

0.970

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

78.3 ± 13.4

78.8 ± 13.3

77.2 ± 13.7

 < 0.001

Echocardiographic parameter

 LV end-diastolic dimension, mm

48.3 ± 4.03

48.5 ± 3.60

47.6 ± 4.82

 < 0.001

 LV end-systolic dimension, mm

28.4 ± 3.63

28.6 ± 3.37

28.0 ± 4.13

 < 0.001

 LV ejection fraction, %

65.1 ± 6.14

65.0 ± 5.94

65.2 ± 6.57

0.270

 Left atrial size, mm

36.9 ± 5.16

36.5 ± 4.95

38.0 ± 5.48

 < 0.001

 IVSd, mm

9.19 ± 1.32

8.77 ± 1.07

10.2 ± 1.32

 < 0.001

 PWd, mm

9.13 ± 1.32

8.60 ± 1.01

10.3 ± 1.14

 < 0.001

 RWT, mm

0.38 ± 0.06

0.36 ± 0.04

0.44 ± 0.06

 < 0.001

 LV mass, g

154 ± 38.1

145 ± 31.0

176 ± 43.7

 < 0.001

 LV mass index, g/m²

87.7 ± 19.5

81.9 ± 14.0

101.1 ± 23.3

 < 0.001

 PASP, mmHg

27.3 ± 4.78

27.0 ± 4.63

28.1 ± 5.06

 < 0.001

 E/e’ ratio

9.98 ± 18.1

9.34 ± 2.84

11.4 ± 2.05

0.003