Table 5 Mean HDL-c and prevalence of low HDL-c according to personal and clinical attributes
Mean (± SD) | Low HDL-c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p value | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | p value | ||
Age groups (years) 30–39 40–49 50–59 ≥ 60 | 1.36 (± 0.76) 1.28 (± 0.50) 1.27 (± 0.51) 1.28 (± 0.47) | < 0.001** | 714 (62.9) 1920 (62.8) 1997 (63.3) 1784 (66.1) | 421 (37.1) 1137 (37.2) 1159 (36.7) 915 (33.9) | 0.041* |
Gender Male Female | 1.15 (± 0.46) 1.39 (± 0.56) | < 0.001** | 2731 (63.3) 3684 (64.3) | 1586 (36.7) 2046 (35.7) | 0.287 |
Ethnicity Malay Chinese Indian Indigenous | 1.26 (± 0.42) 1.50 (± 0.65) 1.17 (± 0.35) 1.26 (± 0.86) | < 0.001** | 4743 (64.9) 820 (81.0) 157 (57.7) 695 (48.0) | 2571 (35.2) 193 (19.1) 115 (42.3) 753 (52.0) | < 0.001** |
Education attainment No formal education Primary Secondary Tertiary | 1.25 (± 0.60) 1.26 (± 0.50) 1.29 (± 0.53) 1.31 (± 0.47) | 0.004* | 806 (55.4) 1558 (62.7) 2234 (64.1) 1200 (70.3) | 648 (44.6) 929 (37.4) 1249 (35.9) 506 (29.7) | < 0.001** |
Location Urban Rural | 1.29 (± 0.38) 1.28 (± 0.65) | 0.964 | 3407 (67.7) 3008 (60.0) | 1627 (32.3) 2005 (40.0) | < 0.001** |
Smoking status Non-smoker Previous smoker Current smoker | 1.32 (± 0.52) 1.19 (± 0.47) 1.08 (± 0.37) | < 0.001** | 4680 (65.1) 667 (63.7) 665 (54.3) | 2508 (34.9) 380 (36.3) 560 (45.7) | < 0.001** |
Diabetes mellitus No Yes | 1.30 (± 0.54) 1.19 (± 0.45) | < 0.001** | 5557 (65.3) 858 (55.9) | 2956 (34.7) 676 (44.1) | < 0.001** |
Hypertension No Yes | 1.30 (± 0.52) 1.27 (± 0.54) | < 0.001** | 3501 (64.9) 2914 (62.6) | 1890 (35.1) 1742 (37.4) | 0.014* |
Body mass index Underweight Normal Overweight Obese | 1.46 (± 0.63) 1.40 (± 0.64) 1.27 (± 0.50) 1.19 (± 0.44) | < 0.001** | 269 (72.5) 1700 (74.3) 2375 (64.7) 1749 (54.5) | 102 (27.5) 588 (25.7) 1297 (35.3) 1463 (45.6) | < 0.001** |
Waist-hip ratio Normal Abdominal obesity | 1.39 (± 0.57) 1.19 (± 0.47) | < 0.001** | 3177 (71.8) 2559 (56.2) | 1250 (28.2) 1995 (43.8) | < 0.001** |