Table 3 Mean LDL-c and prevalence of elevated LDL-c according to personal and clinical attributes
| Mean (± SD) | Elevated LDL-c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value |
No n (%) |
Yes n (%) | p value | ||
|
Age groups (years) 30–39 40–49 50–59 ≥ 60 |
3.45 (± 1.01) 3.61 (± 1.03) 3.79 (± 1.14) 3.69 (± 1.12) | < 0.001** |
570 (50.3) 1368 (44.8) 1242 (39.4) 1169 (43.3) |
564 (49.7) 1689 (55.3) 1910 (60.6) 1529 (56.7) | < 0.001** |
|
Gender Male Female |
3.69 (± 1.10) 3.66 (± 1.09) | 0.245 |
1817 (42.1) 2532 (44.2) |
2497 (57.9) 3195 (55.8) | 0.036* |
|
Ethnicity Malay Chinese Indian Indigenous |
3.84 (± 1.07) 3.42 (± 0.98) 3.55 (± 1.00) 3.02 (± 1.01) | < 0.001** |
2696 (36.9) 521 (51.6) 125 (46.0) 1007 (69.5) |
4616 (63.1) 488 (48.4) 147 (54.0) 441 (30.5) | < 0.001** |
|
Education attainment No formal education Primary Secondary Tertiary |
3.49 (± 1.15) 3.72 (± 1.12) 3.72 (± 1.07) 3.70 (± 1.00) | < 0.001** |
753 (51.8) 1053 (42.3) 1428 (41.1) 696 (40.8) |
700 (48.2) 1434 (57.7) 2050 (58.9) 1010 (59.2) | < 0.001** |
|
Location Urban Rural |
3.77 (± 1.04) 3.57 (± 1.13) | < 0.001** |
1954 (38.9) 2395 (47.8) |
3076 (61.2) 2616 (52.2) | < 0.001** |
|
Smoking status Non-smoker Previous smoker Current smoker |
3.67 (± 1.08) 3.71 (± 1.13) 3.70 (± 1.09) | 0.456 |
3131 (43.6) 448 (42.8) 502 (41.0) |
4052 (56.4) 599 (57.2) 722 (59.0) | 0.235 |
|
Diabetes mellitus No Yes |
3.67 (± 1.09) 3.69 (± 1.13) | 0.479 |
3704 (43.5) 645 (42.1) |
4804 (56.5) 888 (57.9) | 0.288 |
|
Hypertension No Yes |
3.62 (± 1.05) 3.74 (± 1.14) | < 0.001** |
2455 (45.6) 1894 (40.7) |
2934 (54.4) 2758 (59.3) | < 0.001** |
|
Body mass index Underweight Normal Overweight Obese |
3.20 (± 0.96) 3.45 (± 1.06) 3.76 (± 1.11) 3.80 (± 1.06) | < 0.001** |
244 (65.8) 1198 (52.4) 1468 (40.0) 1201 (37.4) |
127 (34.2) 1089 (47.6) 2202 (60.0) 2008 (62.6) | < 0.001** |
|
Waist-hip ratio Normal Abdominal obesity |
3.59 (± 1.04) 3.76 (± 1.13) | < 0.001** |
2061 (46.6) 1814 (39.9) |
2364 (53.4) 2737 (60.1) | < 0.001** |