Table 2 Mean TC and prevalence of elevated TC according to personal and clinical attributes
Mean (± SD) | Elevated TC | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p value | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | p value | ||
Age groups (years) 30–39 40–49 50–59 ≥ 60 | 5.39 (± 1.15) 5.61 (± 1.14) 5.85 (± 1.28) 5.76 (± 1.29) | < 0.001** | 516 (45.5) 1177 (38.5) 979 (31.0) 948 (35.1) | 619 (54.5) 1880 (61.5) 2177 (69.0) 1751 (64.9) | < 0.001** |
Gender Male Female | 5.68 (± 1.24) 5.72 (± 1.23) | 0.129 | 1564 (36.2) 2056 (35.9) | 2753 (63.8) 3674 (64.1) | 0.719 |
Ethnicity Malay Chinese Indian Indigenous | 5.89 (± 1.21) 5.54 (± 1.10) 5.51 (± 1.12) 4.90 (± 1.15) | < 0.001** | 2178 (29.8) 406 (40.1) 110 (40.4) 926 (64.0) | 5136 (70.2) 607 (59.9) 162 (59.6) 522 (36.1) | < 0.001** |
Education attainment No formal education Primary Secondary Tertiary | 5.51 (± 1.34) 5.77 (± 1.26) 5.75 (± 1.19) 5.72 (± 1.11) | < 0.001** | 640 (44.0) 860 (34.6) 1181 (33.9) 581 (34.1) | 814 (56.0) 1627 (65.4) 2302 (66.1) 1125 (65.9) | < 0.001** |
Location Urban Rural | 5.81 (± 1.16) 5.59 (± 1.30) | < 0.001** | 1597 (31.7) 2023 (40.4) | 3437 (68.3) 2990 (59.6) | < 0.001** |
Smoking status Non-smoker Previous smoker Current smoker | 5.71 (± 1.21) 5.69 (± 1.27) 5.71 (± 1.27) | 0.830 | 2577 (35.9) 366 (35.0) 441 (36.0) | 4611 (64.2) 681 (65.0) 784 (64.0) | 0.839 |
Diabetes mellitus No Yes | 5.67 (± 1.22) 5.86 (± 1.31) | < 0.001** | 3127 (36.7) 493 (32.1) | 5386 (63.3) 1041 (67.9) | 0.001* |
Hypertension No Yes | 5.60 (± 1.20) 5.82 (± 1.27) | < 0.001** | 2101 (39.0) 1519 (32.6) | 3290 (61.0) 3137 (67.4) | < 0.001** |
Body mass index Underweight Normal Overweight Obese | 5.20 (± 1.12) 5.47 (± 1.21) 5.79 (± 1.23) 5.87 (± 1.20) | < 0.001** | 202 (54.5) 1005 (43.9) 1221 (33.3) 962 (30.0) | 169 (45.6) 1283 (56.1) 2451 (66.8) 2250 (70.1) | < 0.001** |
Waist-hip ratio Normal Abdominal obesity | 5.60 (± 1.16) 5.83 (± 1.27) | < 0.001** | 1818 (39.0) 1660 (32.9) | 2847 (61.0) 3379 (67.1) | < 0.001** |