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Table 1 Characteristics of the included subjects

From: School-based surveillance on visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and high blood pressure in children and adolescents

Variables, n (%) or mean (SD)

Total population (N = 330,618)

Normotensive (n = 252,342)

HNBP (n = 35,722)

HBP (n = 42,554)

P value

Age, n (%)a

    

< 0.0001

 Child (9–9.9 years)

55,666 (16.84%)

39,255 (15.56%)

4841 (13.55%)

5964 (14.02%)

 

 Adolescent (10–18 years)

274,952 (83.16%)

213,087 (84.44%)

30,881 (86.45%)

36,590 (85.98%)

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)a

19.43 ± 3.67

19.09 ± 3.45

20.17 ± 3.90

20.83 ± 4.29

 

Body mass indexa,b

0.40 ± 1.26

0.30 ± 1.23

0.64 ± 1.26

0.83 ± 1.28

< 0.0001

Sex, n (%)

    

< 0.0001

 Boys

177,905 (53.81%)

135,069 (53.53%)

19,408 (54.33%)

23,428 (55.05%)

 

 Girls

152,713 (46.19%)

117,273 (46.47%)

16,314 (45.67%)

19,171 (44.95%)

 

Region, n (%)

    

< 0.0001

 Rural

166,547 (50.37%)

127,465 (50.51%)

18,169 (50.86%)

20,913 (49.14%)

 

 Urban

164,071 (49.63%)

124,877 (49.49%)

17,553 (49.14%)

21,641 (50.86%)

 

Socioeconomic status, n (%)

    

< 0.0001

 HSES

155,239 (46.95%)

115,793 (45.89%)

18,292 (51.21%)

21,154 (49.71%)

 

 LSES

175,379 (53.05%)

136,549 (54.11%)

17,430 (48.79%)

21,400 (50.29%)

 

Median BP measurement times

5.19 ± 0.97

5.19 ± 0.97

5.21 ± 0.97

5.20 ± 0.97

0.341

BP at first attendance of HPPCA

     

 SBP (mmHg)

98.19 ± 10.12

97.73 ± 9.90

99.19 ± 10.88

100.06 ± 10.51

< 0.0001

 DBP (mmHg)

62.48 ± 7.46

62.19 ± 7.36

63.17 ± 7.82

63.63 ± 7.58

< 0.0001

 SBPb

− 0.08 ± 0.93

− 0.10 ± 0.92

0.04 ± 0.93

0.09 ± 0.96

< 0.0001

 DBPb

0.34 ± 0.66

0.32 ± 0.66

0.41 ± 0.66

0.43 ± 0.67

< 0.0001

BP in 2018

     

 SBP (mmHg)

109.24 ± 13.18

105.09 ± 10.86

117.95 ± 8.98

126.71 ± 10.57

< 0.0001

 DBP (mmHg)

68.20 ± 8.21

65.73 ± 6.51

74.70 ± 6.62

77.46 ± 8.79

< 0.0001

 SBPb

0.18 ± 1.14

− 0.21 ± 0.91

0.98 ± 0.70

1.80 ± 0.83

< 0.0001

 DBPb

0.45 ± 0.71

0.23 ± 0.55

1.02 ± 0.57

1.27 ± 0.79

< 0.0001

Mean BP during 2012–2017

     

 SBP (mmHg)

103.00 ± 7.82

102.09 ± 7.54

105.16 ± 7.69

106.62 ± 8.15

< 0.0001

 DBP (mmHg)

65.14 ± 5.26

64.59 ± 5.13

66.54 ± 5.20

67.23 ± 5.36

< 0.0001

 SBPb

0.11 ± 0.62

− 0.03 ± 0.57

0.41 ± 0.54

0.68 ± 0.57

< 0.0001

 DBPb

0.41 ± 0.41

0.33 ± 0.39

0.62 ± 0.39

0.72 ± 0.42

< 0.0001

VVV during 2012–2017

     

 SBP-SDc

0.86 ± 0.39

0.82 ± 0.37

0.89 ± 0.41

1.06 ± 0.43

< 0.0001

 SBP-ARVc

1.01 ± 0.50

0.96 ± 0.47

1.05 ± 0.50

1.30 ± 0.57

< 0.0001

 SBP-CVc

14.27 ± 53,983.00

− 5.99 ± 61,536.74

31.62 ± 12,102.74

119.87 ± 7950.35

0.260

 DBP-SDc

0.59 ± 0.27

0.57 ± 0.26

0.63 ± 0.27

0.70 ± 0.29

< 0.0001

 DBP-ARVc

0.70 ± 0.35

0.67 ± 0.34

0.76 ± 0.35

0.85 ± 0.40

< 0.0001

 DBP-CVc

129.22 ± 26,661.00

57.83 ± 17,534.74

141.27 ± 3633.13

542.44 ± 60,727.95

0.108

  1. HBP, high blood pressure; HNBP, high normal blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; ARV, actual real variability; CV, coefficient of variation; LSES, low socioeconomic status; HSES, high socioeconomic status
  2. aAge and Body mass index were measured when participants took examinations in 2018
  3. bAbsolute BP levels and BMI values were converted into z-scores
  4. cBP variability parameters were calculated based on BP z-scores during 2012–2017