Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by presence of HTGW components
Characteristic | Non-HTGW (Healthy) (n = 312) | Elevated WC (n = 254) | Elevated TG (n = 91) | HTGW (n = 156) | Significance (p value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 46.9 ± 8.8 | 46.9 ± 8.5 | 46.9 ± 9.1 | 45.5 ± 8.8 | 0.36 |
Sex | |||||
Male | 138 (44.2%) | 137 (53.9%) | 33 (36.3%) | 84 (53.8%) | 0.006 |
Ethnicity | < 0.001 | ||||
Aboriginal | 37 (11.9%) | 89 (35.0%) | 14 (15.4%) | 47 (30.1%) | |
Chinese | 113 (36.2%) | 40 (15.7%) | 42 (46.2%) | 25 (16.0%) | |
European | 88 (28.2%) | 68 (26.8%) | 7 (7.7%) | 38 (24.4%) | |
South Asian | 74 (23.7%) | 57 (22.4%) | 28 (30.8%) | 46 (29.5%) | |
Family history of CVD present (%) | 149 (47.8%) | 113 (44.5%) | 43 (47.3%) | 71 (45.5%) | 0.88 |
Maximum education | 0.002 | ||||
Less than high school | 27 (8.7%) | 40 (15.7%) | 6 (6.6%) | 23 (14.7%) | |
High school graduate | 62 (64.5%) | 46 (18.1%) | 29 (31.9%) | 31 (19.9%) | |
Some post-secondary education | 35 (11.2%) | 48 (18.9%) | 10 (11.0%) | 24 (15.4%) | |
Post-secondary degree/diploma | 133 (42.6%) | 94 (37.0%) | 39 (42.9%) | 53 (34.0%) | |
Post graduate education | 55 (17.6%) | 25 (9.8%) | 7 (7.7%) | 24 (15.4%) | |
Annual income level | 0.099 | ||||
< $20,000 | 36 (11.5%) | 36 (14.2%) | 14 (15.4%) | 24 (15.4%) | |
$20,000–$30,000 | 40 (12.8%) | 33 (13.0%) | 11 (12.1%) | 21 (13.5%) | |
$30,000–$40,000 | 35 (11.2%) | 40 (15.7%) | 16 (17.6%) | 29 (18.6%) | |
$40,000–$50,000 | 40 (12.8%) | 25 (9.8%) | 9 (9.9%) | 25 (16.0%) | |
$50,000–$60,000 | 42 (13.5%) | 17 (6.7%) | 12 (13.2%) | 12 (7.7%) | |
> $60,000 | 115 (36.9%) | 95 (37.4%) | 28 (30.8%) | 44 (28.2%) | |
Smoking | < 0.001 | ||||
Never smoker | 215 (68.9%) | 140 (55.1%) | 68 (74.7%) | 79 (50.6%) | |
Former smoker | 77 (24.7%) | 87 (34.3%) | 15 (16.5%) | 48 (30.8%) | |
Current smoker | 20 (6.4%) | 27 (10.6%) | 8 (8.8%) | 29 (18.6%) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 2.8 | 30.3 ± 4.0 | 25.1 ± 2.2 | 31.3 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.09 ± 0.99 | 5.00 ± 0.89 | 5.73 ± 1.07 | 5.63 ± 0.91 | < 0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.45 ± 0.36 | 1.26 ± 0.31 | 1.19 ± 0.35 | 1.08 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm HG)a | 112 [105, 120] | 119 [111, 127] | 115 [107, 124] | 120 [114, 129] | < 0.001 |
Intima media thickness (mm)a | 0.63 [0.58, 0.71] | 0.67 [0.60, 0.76] | 0.64 [0.59, 0.72] | 0.67 [0.60, 0.75] | 0.001 |
Total area (mm2)a | 14.62 [12.20, 21.05] | 16.60 [13.10, 25.31] | 15.47 [11.90, 24.36] | 17.60 [13.50, 23.54] | 0.01 |
Presence of plaque | 154 (49.4%) | 133 (52.4%) | 45 (49.5%) | 96 (61.5%) | 0.08 |