Aerobic exercise, but not isometric handgrip exercise, improves endothelial function and arterial stiffness in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing coronary intervention: a randomized pilot study

Table 2 Echocardiographic and carotid and vertebral artery measurements

	AE (n = 10)	IE (n = 10)	p value
Ejection fraction (Simpson method)	55.3 ± 8.7	55.9 ± 8.2	0.876
RPE			0.639
≥ 0.42 (cardiac remodeling)	3	4
< 0.42 (normal)	7	6
Left ventricular EDV (mL)	4.8 ± 0.5	4.8 ± 0.5	0.802
Left ventricular ESV (mL)	3.1 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.4	0.823
Left atrium (cm)	3.6 ± 0.4	3.8 ± 0.3	0.134
Diastolic dysfunction			0.572
None (normal function)	2	2
Grade 1 (impaired relaxation)	7	7
Grade 2 (pseudo-normal)	0	1
Grade 3 (restrictive)	1	0
Systolic pulmonary pressure			0.368
Normal (< 30 mmHg)	9	9
Mild (30–50 mmHg)	1	0
Moderate to severe (> 50 mmHg)	0	1
Left ventricular mass (g)	83.4 ± 18.2	94.9 ± 22.1	0.219
Carotid artery status			0.506
1. < 50% stenosis	5	3
2. 50–69% stenosis	4	5
3. ≥ 70% stenosis	1	1
4. Subocclusion	0	1
Presence of atherosclerotic plaque			0.606
Yes	8	7
No	2	3

AE, aerobic exercise session; IE, isometric exercise session; RPE, relative parietal thickness; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; carotid stenosis classification (PSV, peak systolic velocity; ICA, internal carotid artery): < 50% carotid stenosis: ICA PSV < 125 cm/s; carotid plaque with < 50% cross-sectional luminal narrowing; (2) 50%–69% carotid stenosis: ICA PSV 125–230 cm/s; plaque with ≥ 50% cross-sectional luminal narrowing; (3) ≥ 70% carotid stenosis: ICA PSV > 230 cm/s; plate with > 50% cross-sectional luminal narrowing; (4) carotid sub-occlusion: PSV variables; plate with large carotid sub-occlusion. Student's t-test for independent samples or the chi-square test were used when applicable; p < 0.05

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