Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Publication year | Country | Sample size | Age at baseline | Percentage male (%) | Disease status | Follow-up (year) | Exposure | Adjusted factors | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sigurdsson [19] | 1995 | Iceland | 9141 | 34–79 | 100.0 | CHD | 5–20 | Per SD increment | Age, smoking, glucose tolerance 90 min, heart volume | 7 |
Tervahauta [20] | 1995 | Finland | 171 | 65–84 | 100.0 | CHD | 5.0 | Per SD increment | Age, area of residence, SBP, DBP, BMI, smoking habit and use of antihypertensive medication | 6 |
Behar [21] | 1997 | Israel | 11,563 | 45–74 | 78.3 | CHD | 3.3 | Per SD increment; TC: < 160 mg/dL versus > 160 mg/dL | Age, gender, HDL; glucose, NYHA, previous MI, DM, COPD, hypertension, PVD, angina, current smoking | 8 |
Mabuchi [22] | 2002 | Japan | 4599 | 60.1 | 42.2 | Hypercholesterolemia and CHD | 6.0 | Per 1 Log TG increment | Gender, age, hypertension, DM mellitus, smoking habit, and a history of MI | 7 |
Vittinghoff [23] | 2003 | US | 2763 | 66.6 | 0.0 | CHD | 4.1 | Per SD increment | Age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, exercise, DM, previous MI, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, hypertension, history of congestive heart failure | 8 |
Leander [24] | 2007 | Sweden | 1635 | 45–70 | 67.3 | CHD | 6–9 | HDL (< 30.9/< 38.7 mg/dL versus > 30.9/ > 38.7 mg/dL) | Family history of CHD, current smoking, ex-smoking, job strain, PA, central obesity, DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low socio-economic status, high peak cardiac enzyme, heart failure, beta-blocker therapy, and thrombolysis | 8 |
Al-Mallah [25] | 2009 | US | 517 | 62.5 | 59.6 | Non ST segment elevation MI | 3.0 | LDL (> 105 versus < 105 mg/dL) | Crude | 6 |
Ghazzal [26] | 2009 | US | 4088 | 64.8 | 70.9 | CHD after PCI | 1.0 | HDL (< 35 versus > 35 mg/dL) | Age, DM, PCI, EF | 7 |
Seo [27] | 2011 | Korea | 2693 | 62.5 | 66.1 | CHD after PCI | 2.3 | HDL (< 40/50 versus > 40/50 mg/dL) | Age, sex, hypertension, DM, chronic renal disease, current smoker, ACS, ejection fraction, baseline HDL, baseline LDL, baseline TG, baseline hs-CRP, follow-up LDL, follow-up TG, follow-up hs-CRP, total stent length, mean stent diameter, number of stent, number of B2/C lesions | 7 |
Bacquer [28] | 2013 | Europe | 5216 |  ≤ 70.0 | 76.0 | CHD | 5.4 | TC (< 174 versus > 232 mg/dL); HDL (< 38.7/46.4 versus > 46.4/54.1 mg/dL); LDL (> 116 versus < 96.7 mg/dL) | Age and gender | 7 |
Lin [29] | 2013 | China | 1114 | 65.5 | 74.9 | CHD | 5.3 | HDL (< 40/45 versus > 40/45 mg/dL) | Age, gender, smoking status, LDL, uric acid, creatinine, hypertension, DM, stroke, cancer, number of blocked coronary artery, MI, PCI, CABG, and medication status | 7 |
van de Woestijne [30] | 2013 | The Netherlands | 5731 | 60.0 | 74.1 | clinically manifest vascular disease | 4.9 | TG (198.4 versus < 85.9 mg/dL) | Age, gender, smoking, lipid-lowering medication, BMI and LDL-C | 8 |
Ding [31] | 2014 | China | 1916 | 63.7 | 65.2 | CHD | 3.1 | HDL (40–49 versus > 70 mg/dL); LDL (> 190 versus < 70 mg/dL) | Age, gender, education, marriage, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, type, severity, duration, and treatment of CHD, history of DM, history of heart failure, BMI, SBP, glomerular filtration rate, and use of antihypertensive drugs, antidiabetic drugs, antiplatelet drugs, use of cholesterol-lowering drugs | 7 |
Martin [32] | 2014 | US | 4879 | 60.4 | 66.8 | Acute MI | 5.0 | HDL (< 40 versus > 40 mg/dL) | GRACE score, age, sex, race, insurance, education, tobacco use, DM, hypertension, AUDIT alcohol use scores, PA, BMI, non-HDL-C, log-transformed triglycerides, statins, and non-statin lipid-modifying medications, and site | 7 |
Park [33] | 2015 | Korea | 595 | 63.5 | 65.2 | CHD after PCI | 3.0 | Lipoprotein(a) (> 50 versus < 50 mg/dL) | Gender, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, multivessel disease, minimal luminal diameter after PCI, reference vessel diameter after PCI, LDLcholesterol, total lesion length | 6 |
Li [34] | 2016 | China | 591 | 57.8 | 71.2 | CHD | 1.4 | HDL (< 41.6 versus > 41.6 mg/dL) | Age, male, BMI, smoke, family history of CHD, previous PCI/CABG, previous MI, SBP, LDL, TG, and glucose | 6 |
Liu [35] | 2017 | China | 4205 | 57.7 | 71.4 | CHD | 2.3 | Not mentioned | Age, gender, BMI, hypertension, DM, smoking, family history of CHD, left ventricular ejection fraction | 7 |
Tsai [36] | 2017 | China | 1520 | 69.0 | 72.8 | CHD | 2.7 | Per SD increment | Age, gender, education, marital status, malnourished, economic situation, smoking, alcohol, PA, DM, hypertension, medications | 7 |
Nordenskjöld [37] | 2018 | Sweden | 9092 | 65.5 | 38.0 | MI with with non-obstructive coronary artery disease | 4.5 | Per SD increment | Gender, age, DM, hypertension, smoking status, previous MI, previous stroke, ECG changes at admission, creatinine, CRP, total cholesterol, LVEF measured during index stay and serious non-cardiac diseases | 8 |
Dai [38] | 2018 | China | 4090 | 61.1 | 67.9 | CHD | 3.3 | Per SD increment | Other traditional cardiovascular risk factors | 7 |
Winter [39] | 2018 | Austria | 102 | 37.3 | 79.4 | Premature MI | 10.3 | Per SD increment | Age and gender | 6 |