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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of study population

From: Predictors of acute cardiovascular events following acute exacerbation period for patients with COPD: a nested case–control study

Category

Measurements

Acute CVEs group (n = 30)

No CVEs group (n = 466)

P value

Basic information

Age (year)

82 (77–84)

78 (68–84)

0.025

Male

21 (70.0%)

394 (84.5%)

0.037

BMI

22.8 (20.0–24.2) (n = 15)

21.7 (20.2–25.4) (n = 314)

NS

Smoking history (yes or no)

21 (70.0%)

378 (81.1%)

NS

Smoking history (pack*year)

43.5 (31.8–57.5) (n = 12)

46.0 (34.3–60.0) (n = 192)

NS

COPD severity

FEV1 (% predicted)

40.2 (29.3–53.7) (n = 15)

37.2 (28.4–49.0) (n = 300)

NS

GOLD grade I

0 (0%)

1 (0.3%)

NS

GOLD grade II

2 (13.3%)

66 (22.0%)

GOLD grade III

6 (40.0%)

144 (48.0%)

GOLD grade IV

5 (33.3%)

89 (29.7%)

mMRC score

3 (2–3) (n = 17)

3 (2–3) (n = 324)

NS

CAT score

23.5 (12.3–26.8) (n = 16)

22.0 (15.0–28.0) (n = 319)

NS

Cardiovascular risk factors

Hypertension

7/22 (31.8%)

169/380 (44.5%)

NS

Diabetes

6/22 (27.3%)

50/380 (13.2%)

0.063

Hyperlipemiaa

0/16 (0%)

14/333 (4.2%)

NS

Coronary heart disease

10/22 (45.5%)

86/377 (22.8%)

0.016

Cerebrovascular disease

2/21 (9.5%)

18/363 (5.0%)

NS

Left heart insufficiency

8/22 (36.4%)

31/379 (8.2%)

 < 0.001

Other respiratory diseases

Asthma

1/22 (4.5%)

3/377 (0.8%)

NS

Bronchiectasis

5/22 (22.7%)

60/379 (15.8%)

NS

Interstitial lung changes

2/19 (10.5%)

26/341 (7.6%)

NS

Lung cancer

0/22 (0%)

8/379 (2.1%)

NS

Ex-tuberculosis

2/22 (9.1%)

94/379 (24.8%)

NS

COPD-related treatment in stable period

Regular LAMA

6/24 (25.0%)

137/390 (35.1%)

NS

Regular ICS/LABA

5/24 (20.8%)

170/388 (43.8%)

0.027

Regular ICS/LABA/LAMA

2/24 (8.3%)

94/387 (24.3%)

NS

Regular theophylline

5/24 (20.8%)

97/384 (25.3%)

NS

Oxygen therapy

10/24 (41.7%)

167/388 (43.0%)

NS

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation

3/23 (13.0%)

40/372 (10.8%)

NS

Pre-study exacerbations in 12 months

Total numbers

2 (1–2.5) (n = 17)

2 (1–3) (n = 337)

NS

Hospitalization numbers

2 (1–2) (n = 17)

1 (1–2) (n = 335)

0.025

  1. Data were shown as number (percentage), n/N (percentage) or median (IQR). P-values between two group were calculated by Fisher’s exact test, Chi-square test, or Mann–Whitney U test
  2. CVEs cardiovascular events, BMI body mass index, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, mMRC modified Medical Research Council, CAT COPD Assessment test, ICS inhaled glucocorticoid, LABA long-acting beta agonist, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist
  3. aHyperlipemia was defined as total cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/L in the AE period, for lack of lipid profile examination in the stable period