Risk factors | Definition | Derivation cohort(n = 1208) N (%) | Validation cohort (n = 540) N (%) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age > 65 years | Older than 65 years | 347 (28.7) | 200 (37) | < 0.001 |
Female | 174 (14.4) | 83 (15.4) | 0.65 | |
SCr > 2 mg/dl | Serum creatinine measured before surgery > 2 mg/dl | 13 (1.1) | 6 (1.1) | 1 |
Chronic kidney disease | Documented past history or fulfilled the criteria of KDIGO 2012 | 5 (0.4) | 10 (1.9) | 0.006 |
Extracardiac arteriopathy | Any one or more of the following: claudication, carotid occlusion or > 50% stenosis, previous or planned intervention on the abdominal aorta, and limb arteries or carotids | 98 (8.1) | 14 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
Cerebrovascular accident | Documented past history of coma≥24 h or central nervous system dysfunction≥72 h | 42 (3.5) | 41 (7.6) | 0.003 |
History of smoking | Prior history of smoking, regardless of whether the patients quit smoking | 988 (81.8) | 276 (51.1) | < 0.001 |
Previous cardiac surgery | One or more previous major cardiac operation involving opening the pericardium | 45 (3.7) | 2 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
COPD | Long-term use of bronchodilators or steroids for lung disease | 6 (0.5) | 8 (1.5) | 0.07 |
Diabetes mellitus | Documented past history or fulfilled the criteria of WHO 1999 | 324 (26.8) | 218 (40.4) | < 0.001 |
NYHA class III or IV | NYHA classification | 624 (51.7) | 237 (43.9) | 0.003 |
CCS angina class = 4 | CCS class 4 angina (inability to perform any activity without angina or angina at rest) | 126 (10.4) | 7 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
LVEF< 35% | Assessed by echocardiography (measured before surgery) | 85 (7) | 45 (8.3) | 0.39 |
History of myocardial infarction | Documented history or ECG evidence including recent myocardial infarction (< 21 days) | 564 (46.7) | 278 (51.5) | 0.07 |
Previous PCI | Documented history | 102 (8.4) | 78 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
Non-elective surgery | Not routine admission for operation | 62 (5.1) | 11 (2.1) | 0.004 |
Hypertension | Documented past history or SBP > 140 mmHg and/or DBP > 90 mmHg | 649 (53.7) | 308 (57) | 0.217 |
On-pump surgery | With extracorporeal circulation | 648 (53.6) | 70 (13) | < 0.001 |
Perioperative IABP | Intra-aortic balloon pump used before or after surgery | 14 (1.2) | 82 (15.2) | < 0.001 |
Ventilation time > 24 h | Ventilation time longer than 24 h | 249 (20.6) | 94 (17.4) | 0.1352 |
Perioperative transfusion | Transfusion before or after surgery | 140 (11.6) | 154 (28.5) | < 0.001 |
AKI | Fulfilled the criteria of KDIGO 2012 | 90 (7.5) | 104 (19.3) | < 0.001 |