n (%) unless specified | Preserved EF | Reduced EF | p value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 52 | n = 55 | ||
(a) | |||
Age, years | |||
Mean, SD | 63, 17.2 | 55, 17.3 | 0.024* |
Gender | |||
Male | 25 (48.1) | 36 (70.6) | 0.02* |
Female | 27 (51.9) | 15 (29.4) | |
Ethnic | |||
Sarawak ethnic | 9 (17.3) | 12 (24.5) | 0.558 |
Malay | 24 (46.2) | 24 (49.0) | |
Chinese | 18 (34.6) | 13 (26.5) | |
Others | 1 (1.9) | – | |
BMI, kg/m2, median {IQR} | 26.5 {22.2–32} | 25.7 {22.4–31.8} | 0.605 |
Underweight | 1 (4.0) | 2 (5.4) | |
Normal | 9 (36.0) | 13 (35.1) | 1.0 |
Overweight | 15 (60) | 22 (59.5) | |
Co-morbidity | |||
Hypertension | 43 (82.7) | 32 (62.7) | 0.023* |
Diabetes mellitus | 31 (59.6) | 20 (45) | 0.038* |
Dyslipidaemia | 34 (65.4) | 22 (43.1) | 0.023* |
Ischemic heart disease | 17 (32.7) | 18 (35.3) | 0.78 |
Valvular heart disease | 5 (9.6) | 3 (5.9) | 0.715 |
Atrial fibrillation | 10 (19.2) | 5 (9.8) | 0.175 |
Stroke | 3 (5.8) | 4 (7.8) | 0.715 |
Asthma | 3 (5.9) | 3 (6.1) | 1.0 |
COPD | 7 (13.5) | 8 (15.7) | 0.749 |
Heart rate admission/discharge, mean ± SD | 101 ± 26/84 ± 16 | 103 ± 25/83 ± 16 | 0.687/0.874 |
Systolic BP admission/discharge, mean ± SD | 151 ± 35/128 ± 24 | 140 ± 38/118 ± 18 | 0.159/0.027* |
Diastolic BP admission/discharge, mean ± SD | 84 ± 23/72 ± 13 | 89 ± 23/71 ± 14 | 0.313/0.718 |
NYHA | |||
I | 12 (23) | 6 (12) | 0.154 |
II | 11 (21.2) | 16 (32) | |
III | 23 (44.2) | 17 (34) | |
IV | 6 (11.5) | 11 (22) | |
(b) | |||
Laboratory, mean, SD | |||
Serum urea, mmol/L | 7.7, 5.2 | 7.6, 4.2 | 0.926 |
Serum creatinine, mmol/L | 124, 45 | 116, 34.7 | 0.366 |
eGFR, mL/min | 54, 18 | 61, 20.1 | 0.084 |
Serum sodium, mmol/L | 134.5, 6.1 | 135, 4.8 | 0.463 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.5, 2.9 | 12.8, 2.1 | 0.012* |
NT-ProBNP, pg/mL, mean {IQR} | 5616 {1400–8160} | 8760 {2695–10,015} | 0.123 |
ECG, mean, SD | |||
Atrial fibrillation, n(%) | 9 (17.3) | 9 (17.6) | – |
PR, ms | 162, 36 | 154, 27 | 0.258 |
QRS, ms | 98, 25 | 97, 16 | 0.99 |
QTc, ms | 445, 69 | 455, 45 | 0.425 |
(c) | |||
Precipitating factors, n(%) | |||
Ischemic HD | 9 (17.3) | 10 (19.6) | 0.432 |
Hypertensive HD | 4 (7.7) | 4 (7.8) | |
Atrial fibrillation | 4 (7.7) | 1 (2) | |
Alcoholic HD | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2) | |
Valvular HD | 5 (9.6) | 1 (2) | |
Others | 29 (55.7) | 34 (66.7) | |
Pre-admission medications, n(%) | |||
ACEi/ARB | 10 (19.2) | 16 (31.4) | 0.156 |
Frusemide | 17 (32.7) | 30 (58.8) | 0.017* |
Spironolactone | 4 (7.7) | 9 (17.6) | 0.149 |
Beta blocker | 18 (34.6) | 21 (41.2) | 0.541 |
CCB | 23 (44.2) | 12 (23.5) | 0.037 |
Digoxin | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2) | 1.0 |
Lipid lowering agent | 26 (50) | 26 (51) | 1.0 |
Ivabradine | 0 | 4 (7.8) | 0.057 |
Anticoagulation | 10 (19.2) | 3 (5.9) | 0.072 |
Discharge medications, n(%) | |||
ACEi/ARB | 12 (24.5) | 18 (40) | 0.091 |
Frusemide | 40 (81.6) | 34 (77.3) | 0.603 |
Spironolactone | 12 (25) | 18 (45.9) | 0.104 |
Beta blocker | 24 (49.0) | 26 (59.1) | 0.329 |
CCB | 18 (36.7) | 6 (13.6) | 0.011* |
Digoxin | 2 (4.2) | 1 (2.3) | 1.0 |
Lipid lowering agent | 27 (55.0) | 27 (61.4) | 0.541 |
Ivabradine | 0 | 6 (13.6) | 0.009* |
Anticoagulation | 9 (18.8) | 5 (11.4) | 0.324 |
(d) | |||
In hospital outcome, n(%) | |||
Mortality | 2 (3.9) | 6 (12.0) | 0.16 |
Length of stay, mean {IQR}, days | 7 {4–9} | 7 {4–9} | 0.813 |
Requirement of advanced cardiopulmonary support ± ICU care | 26 (52) | 17 (33.3) | 0.058 |
30-day Outcome, n(%) | |||
All-cause mortality | 5 (11.1) | 9 (20.5) | 0.226 |
Readmission | 3 (7.0) | 8 (21.0) | 0.065 |
90-day outcome, n(%) | |||
All-cause mortality | 6 (13.3) | 12 (27.3) | 0.102 |
Readmission | 4 (9.5) | 10 (27.8) | 0.036* |