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Table 2 (a) Comparison of baseline characteristics in ADHF patients according to Ejection Fraction (EF), (b) investigation results of ADHF patients in SGH-HF according to EF, (c) precipitating factors, admission and discharge medications of ADHF patients in SGH-HF according to EF, (d) clinical outcomes of ADHF patients in SGH-HF according to EF

From: Acute decompensated heart failure in a non cardiology tertiary referral centre, Sarawak General Hospital (SGH-HF)

n (%) unless specified

Preserved EF

Reduced EF

p value

n = 52

n = 55

(a)

 Age, years

   

  Mean, SD

63, 17.2

55, 17.3

0.024*

 Gender

   

  Male

25 (48.1)

36 (70.6)

0.02*

  Female

27 (51.9)

15 (29.4)

 

 Ethnic

   

  Sarawak ethnic

9 (17.3)

12 (24.5)

0.558

  Malay

24 (46.2)

24 (49.0)

 

  Chinese

18 (34.6)

13 (26.5)

 

  Others

1 (1.9)

 

 BMI, kg/m2, median {IQR}

26.5 {22.2–32}

25.7 {22.4–31.8}

0.605

  Underweight

1 (4.0)

2 (5.4)

 

  Normal

9 (36.0)

13 (35.1)

1.0

  Overweight

15 (60)

22 (59.5)

 

 Co-morbidity

   

  Hypertension

43 (82.7)

32 (62.7)

0.023*

  Diabetes mellitus

31 (59.6)

20 (45)

0.038*

  Dyslipidaemia

34 (65.4)

22 (43.1)

0.023*

  Ischemic heart disease

17 (32.7)

18 (35.3)

0.78

  Valvular heart disease

5 (9.6)

3 (5.9)

0.715

  Atrial fibrillation

10 (19.2)

5 (9.8)

0.175

  Stroke

3 (5.8)

4 (7.8)

0.715

  Asthma

3 (5.9)

3 (6.1)

1.0

  COPD

7 (13.5)

8 (15.7)

0.749

 Heart rate admission/discharge, mean ± SD

101 ± 26/84 ± 16

103 ± 25/83 ± 16

0.687/0.874

 Systolic BP admission/discharge, mean ± SD

151 ± 35/128 ± 24

140 ± 38/118 ± 18

0.159/0.027*

 Diastolic BP admission/discharge, mean ± SD

84 ± 23/72 ± 13

89 ± 23/71 ± 14

0.313/0.718

 NYHA

   

  I

12 (23)

6 (12)

0.154

  II

11 (21.2)

16 (32)

 

  III

23 (44.2)

17 (34)

 

  IV

6 (11.5)

11 (22)

 

(b)

   

 Laboratory, mean, SD

   

  Serum urea, mmol/L

7.7, 5.2

7.6, 4.2

0.926

  Serum creatinine, mmol/L

124, 45

116, 34.7

0.366

  eGFR, mL/min

54, 18

61, 20.1

0.084

  Serum sodium, mmol/L

134.5, 6.1

135, 4.8

0.463

  Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.5, 2.9

12.8, 2.1

0.012*

  NT-ProBNP, pg/mL, mean {IQR}

5616 {1400–8160}

8760 {2695–10,015}

0.123

 ECG, mean, SD

   

  Atrial fibrillation, n(%)

9 (17.3)

9 (17.6)

  PR, ms

162, 36

154, 27

0.258

  QRS, ms

98, 25

97, 16

0.99

  QTc, ms

445, 69

455, 45

0.425

(c)

   

 Precipitating factors, n(%)

   

  Ischemic HD

9 (17.3)

10 (19.6)

0.432

  Hypertensive HD

4 (7.7)

4 (7.8)

 

  Atrial fibrillation

4 (7.7)

1 (2)

 

  Alcoholic HD

1 (1.9)

1 (2)

 

  Valvular HD

5 (9.6)

1 (2)

 

  Others

29 (55.7)

34 (66.7)

 

 Pre-admission medications, n(%)

   

  ACEi/ARB

10 (19.2)

16 (31.4)

0.156

  Frusemide

17 (32.7)

30 (58.8)

0.017*

  Spironolactone

4 (7.7)

9 (17.6)

0.149

  Beta blocker

18 (34.6)

21 (41.2)

0.541

  CCB

23 (44.2)

12 (23.5)

0.037

  Digoxin

1 (1.9)

1 (2)

1.0

  Lipid lowering agent

26 (50)

26 (51)

1.0

  Ivabradine

0

4 (7.8)

0.057

  Anticoagulation

10 (19.2)

3 (5.9)

0.072

 Discharge medications, n(%)

   

  ACEi/ARB

12 (24.5)

18 (40)

0.091

  Frusemide

40 (81.6)

34 (77.3)

0.603

  Spironolactone

12 (25)

18 (45.9)

0.104

  Beta blocker

24 (49.0)

26 (59.1)

0.329

  CCB

18 (36.7)

6 (13.6)

0.011*

  Digoxin

2 (4.2)

1 (2.3)

1.0

  Lipid lowering agent

27 (55.0)

27 (61.4)

0.541

  Ivabradine

0

6 (13.6)

0.009*

  Anticoagulation

9 (18.8)

5 (11.4)

0.324

(d)

   

 In hospital outcome, n(%)

   

  Mortality

2 (3.9)

6 (12.0)

0.16

  Length of stay, mean {IQR}, days

7 {4–9}

7 {4–9}

0.813

  Requirement of advanced cardiopulmonary support ± ICU care

26 (52)

17 (33.3)

0.058

 30-day Outcome, n(%)

   

  All-cause mortality

5 (11.1)

9 (20.5)

0.226

  Readmission

3 (7.0)

8 (21.0)

0.065

  90-day outcome, n(%)

   

  All-cause mortality

6 (13.3)

12 (27.3)

0.102

  Readmission

4 (9.5)

10 (27.8)

0.036*

  1. The ‘admission’ vs ‘discharge’ values are in italics
  2. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, COPD Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease, BP blood pressure, NYHA New York heart association, eGFR estimated Glomerular filtration rate, HD heart disease, ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ICU intensive care unit, ^EF more than 45%, ~ similar value with previous number