Table 1 (a) Baseline characteristics of ADHF patients comparing with other heart failure registries, (b) investigation findings, (c) precipitating factors and medications during admission and upon discharge, (d) clinical outcome

(a)

 Age, years

107

  Mean, SD

59, 17.5

66

70

72

   ≥ 65 years, n (%)

50 (46.7)

–

–

–

 Male gender

107

63 (58.9)

(57)

(61)

(48)

 Ethnic

  Sarawak Ethnic

106

23 (22.5)

  Malay

48 (44.9)

–

–

–

  Chinese

32 (29.9)

  Others

2 (1.9)

 Patient’s origin

–

–

–

  Kuching

84

58 (54.2)

  Other districts

26 (24.3)

 Family income status

  Low

104

59 (55.1)

–

–

–

  Medium

44 (41.1)

  High

1 (0.9)

 Education level

  Low

100

64 (59.8)

–

–

–

  Medium

35 (37.1)

  High

1 (0.9)

 BMI, kg/m², median {IQR}

25.7 {22.3–31.6}

–

26.8

–

  Underweight

3 (2.8)

–

–

–

  Normal

23 (21.5)

–

–

–

  Overweight

37 (34.6)

–

–

–

 Family history of coronary heart disease

104

5 (4.7)

–

–

–

 Co-morbidity

  Hypertension

107

77 (72)

(64)

(62.5)

(73)

  Diabetes mellitus

~

53 (49.5)

(45)

(32.8)

(44)

  Dyslipidaemia

~

57 (53.3)

–

–

  Ischemic heart disease

~

33 (36.6)

(50)

(53.6)

(57)

  Valvular heart disease

~

8 (7.5)

–

(34.4)

–

  Atrial fibrillation

~

15 (14)

(24)

(38.7)

(31)

  Stroke

~

8 (7.5)

(13)

(13.3)

–

  Asthma

104

6 (5.6)

–

–

–

  COPD

~

15 (14)

–

(19.3)

–

 Admission with heart failure within last 6 months

104

23 (21.5)

–

(44.5)^#

(33)

 Heart rate admission/discharge, mean ± SD

105/90

103 ± 27/83 ± 15

–

95

–

 Systolic BP admission/discharge, mean ± SD

104/90

146 ± 38/123 ± 21

–

135

144 ± 32.6

 Diastolic BP admission/discharge, mean ± SD

104/90

86 ± 23/71 ± 13

–

80

–

 NYHA

  I

106

19 (17.8)

–

–

(4)

  II

27 (25.2)

(20)

  III

43 (40.2)

(44)

  IV

17 (15.9)

(32)

(b)

 Laboratory, mean, SD

  Serum urea, mmol/L

96

7.6, 4.6

–

–

–

  Serum creatinine, mmol/L

97

119, 40

–

–

–

  eGFR, mL/min

97

59, 20

133

–

–

  Serum sodium, mmol/L

106

134.5, 5.4

–

–

–

  Hemoglobin, g/dL

106

12.1, 2.5

–

–

–

  NT-ProBNP, pg/mL, median {IQR}

63

4230 {2320–8160}

–

–

–

 ECG, mean, SD

  Atrial fibrillation, n(%)

107

20 (18.7)

–

–

–

  PR, ms

85

157, 32

  QRS, ms

104

97, 21

  > 120 ms

104

12 (11.2)

  QTc, ms

104

448, 59

 Echocardiography

  LVEF, %, median {IQR}

103

40 {29–58}

–

38 ± 15

34 ± 16

  EF > 40%

103

52 (48.6)

(47)

(34.3)^

(4)

  Moderate-severe TR

89

27 (25)

–

(29.9)

–

(c)

 Precipitating factors

  Ischemic HD

107

44 (41.1)

–

(30.2)

(57)

  Hypertensive HD

8 (7.5)

–

–

–

  Atrial fibrillation

6 (5.6)

–

(29.4)

–

  Alcoholic HD

2 (1.9)

–

–

–

  Valvular HD

6 (5.6)

–

(26.8)

–

  Others

41 (38.3)

–

–

–

 Pre-admission medications, n(%)

  ACEi/ARB

107

26 (24.3)

–

(64.3)

–

  Frusemide

106

49 (45.8)

–

(71.2)

–

  Spironolactone

~

13 (12.1)

–

(28.1)

–

  Beta blocker

106

40 (37.4)

–

(86)

–

  CCB

~

36 (33.6)

–

(17.8)

–

  Digoxin

~

2 (1.9)

–

(26.6)

–

  Lipid lowering agent

~

53 (49.5)

–

(28.4)

–

  Ivabradine

~

4 (3.7)

–

–

–

  Anticoagulation

~

13 (12.1)

–

(24)

–

 Discharge medications, n(%)

  ACEi/ARB

96

30 (28.3)

(63)

(91)

(53)

  Frusemide

96

76 (71)

–

(90)

(70)

  Spironolactone

95

32 (29.9)

(31)

(47.5)

–

  Beta blocker

96

51 (47.7)

(41)

(61.4)

(48)

  CCB

96

24 (22.4)

–

(14.6)

–

  Digoxin

96

4 (3.7)

(34)

(31)

(28)

  Lipid lowering agent

96

56 (52.3)

–

(41.8)

–

  Ivabradine

96

7 (6.5)

–

–

–

  Anticoagulation

95

15 (14)

(18)

(33.1)

–

(d)

 In hospital outcome, n(%)

  Mortality

107

8 (7.5)

(4.8)

239 (6.7)

(4)

  Discharge home

~

96 (89.7)

–

–

–

  DAMA/transfer to other hospital

~

3 (2.8)

–

–

–

  Length of stay, median {IQR}, days

106

5 {4–9}

6

9 {6–14}

4

  Requirement of advanced cardiopulmonary support ± ICU care

105

46 (43)

–

(51)

–

 30-day outcome, n(%)

  All-cause mortality

92

14 (13.1)

–

–

–

  Readmission

84

12 (11.2)

 90-day outcome, n(%)

  All-cause mortality

92

18 (16.8)

–

–

–

  Readmission

81

15 (14)