Table 3 Echocardiographic characteristics in high-gradient AS with preserved LVEF according to LVGLS

Clincal characteristics

Age (years)

80.5 ± 7.5

80.1 ± 6.7

0.80

Female sex

57.6% (68/118)

56.8% (21/37)

0.93

Creatinine clearance (ml/min)

58 (IQR 35)

62 (IQR 32)

0.61

Eurolog II (%)

2.4 ± 2.1

2.2 ± 2.4

0.98

Previous myocardial infarction

3.6% (4/112)

9.4% (3/32)

0.37

Hypertension

68.9% (73/106)

74.2% (23/31)

0.74

DM2

15.5% (16/103)

21.2% (7/32)

0.56

NYHA I–II

26.3% (31/118)

22.2% (8/36)

0.86

NYHA III

70.3% (83/118)

75.0% (27/36)

NYHA IV

3.4% (4/118)

2.8% (1/36)

Left atrium and ventricle

EF (%)

60 ± 6

57 ± 4

0.004

LVGLS (%)

 − 18.4 ± 2.8

 − 12.4 ± 1.3

 < 0.0001

LVOT Diameter (cm)

2.0 ± 0.1

1.9 ± 0.2

0.16

LVOT Vmax (m/s)

1.0 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

0.11

LVOT VTI (cm)

25.3 ± 4.9

23.4 ± 6.0

0.06

Stroke Volume Index (mL/m²)

42.7 ± 9.8

37.5 ± 9.5

0.005

Left Atrial Volume Index (mL/m²)

44 ± 15

51 ± 16

0.04

Aortic valve

AV Vmax (m/s)

4.7 ± 0.5

4.7 ± 0.6

0.90

AV Peak Gradient (mmHg)

89 ± 19

89 ± 20

0.85

AV Mean Gradient (mmHg)

50 ± 14

50 ± 15

0.92

AV Area (cm²)

0.7 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.2

0.03

AV Area Index (cm²/m²)

0.4 ± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.1

0.01