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Table 2 Subgroup analysis showing the pooled RRs of DR for CVD mortality

From: Diabetic retinopathy predicts cardiovascular mortality in diabetes: a meta-analysis

Subgroups

Studies

Participants

RR (95% CI)

P value

Heterogeneity

I2, %

P value

Type 2 DM

8

7596

1.69 (1.27, 2.24)

 < 0.001

75

 < 0.001

Regions

 Asian countries

5

6017

2.18 (1.53, 3.11)

 < 0.001

82

 < 0.001

 Western countries

5

4887

1.46 (1.22, 1.74)

 < 0.001

31

0.22

Study design

 Prospective

7

8132

1.54 (1.16, 2.04)

0.003

70

0.003

 Retrospective

3

2772

2.69 (1.49, 4.85)

0.001

84

0.002

Data source

 Population-based

3

3903

1.68 (1.13, 2.52)

0.010

82

0.004

 Hospital-based

7

7001

1.93 (1.31, 2.84)

 < 0.001

78

 < 0.001

Follow-up period

 More than  5 years

8

10,111

1.86 (1.40, 2.46)

 < 0.001

78

 < 0.001

 More than 10 years

5

3360

1.89 (1.13, 3.16)

0.020

84

 < 0.001

 More than 15 years

2

2712

1.89 (1.01, 3.56)

0.049

86

0.008

 After cardiovascular surgery

2

588

2.40 (0.63, 9.18)

0.200

94

 < 0.001

  1. RR: risk ratio, DR: diabetic retinopathy, CVD: cardiovascular disease, DM: diabetic mellitus, CI: confidence interval