Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants according to smoking exposure

Age (years old)

78.0 (69.5–83.0)

65.5 (51.0–75.5)*

70.0 (64.5–81.0)*^,†

Male sex

12 (24.5)

29 (72.5)

87 (91.6)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.2 (21.6– 25.5)

23.9 (21.4–25.8]

23.2 (20.7–25.5)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

139 (126–155)

135 (125–146)

136 (124–146)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74 ± 12

77 ± 13

77 ± 13

Heart rate (beats/min)

71 ± 9

66 ± 10

68 ± 12

Hypertension

33 (67.3)

20 (50.0)

47 (49.5)

Dyslipidemia

28 (57.1)

24 (60.0)

53 (55.8)

Diabetes mellitus

7 (14.3)

13 (32.5)

25 (26.3)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m²)

64.0 (51.0–75.0)

66.5 (52.0–80.0)

63.5 (54.0–72.0)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0 (0.0)

1 (2.5)

10 (10.5)

Bronchial asthma

3 (6.1)

2 (5.0)

1 (1.1)

Current smoke

0 (0.0)

6 (15.0)

27 (28.4)

Pack-years

–

10 (6–15)*

40 (30–50)*^,†

Smoking exposure duration (years)

–

15 (10–20)*

40 (30–47)*^,†

Cardio-thoracic ratio (%)

51.2 ± 5.4

46.2 ± 4.1*

46.7 ± 3.7*

The reason for spirometry and echocardiography

Symptomatic (chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath) (%)

7 (14.3)

11 (27.5)

23 (24.2)

Asymptomatic and/or periodical medical examination (%)

27 (55.1)

25 (62.5)

59 (62.1)

Pre-operation examination without symptom (%)

15 (30.6)

4 (10.0)

13 (13.7)

Medication

ACE-I and/or ARB

18 (36.7)

10 (25.0)

30 (31.6)

Calcium channel blockers

19 (38.8)

11 (27.5)

32 (33.7)

β-blockers

5 (10.2)

2 (5.0)

7 (7.4)

Diuretics

5 (10.2)

1 (2.5)

8 (8.4)

Statins

13 (26.5)

11 (27.5)

25 (26.3)

Long-acting muscarinic antagonists

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

6 (6.3)

Long-acting β2-antagonists

2 (4.1)

1 (2.5)

6 (6.3)

Inhaled corticosteroids

2 (4.1)

1 (2.5)

2 (2.1)