Table 3 Tests and scores used in the TTM2 neuropsychological sub-study, grouped by cognitive domain
Cognitive domain | Cognitive functions | Test | Scores | Test-retest reliability | Administration order |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verbal | • Verbal comprehension • Concept verbalization • Semantic memory retrieval | WAIS-IV Vocabulary | Total score | High (.89) | 5 |
• Phonemic fluency • Semantic memory retrieval • Working memory capacity • Processing speed | D-KEFS Verbal Fluency | Letter fluency score, category fluency score, category switching score, category switching accuracy, first interval, second interval, third interval, fourth interval, set-loss errors, repetition errors | Letter fluency: High (.80) Category fluency: Adequate (.79) | 13 | |
Visual/constructive | • Visuospatial organization • Visuomotor speed | WAIS-IV Block Design | Total score, no time bonus score | High (.80) | 2 |
• Non-verbal abstract reasoning • Perceptual organization | WAIS-IV Matrix Reasoning | Total score | Adequate (.74) | 4 | |
Working memory | • Verbal short-term working memory • Aspects of auditory attentional capacity | WAIS-IV Digit Span | Total score, digit span forwards score, digit span forwards longest, digit span backwards score, digit span backwards longest, digit span sequencing score, digit span sequencing longest | Entire subtest: High (.83) Sub-conditions: Adequate (.71–.77) | 10 |
• Spatial working memory | WMS-III Spatial Span | Total score, spatial span forward, spatial span backward | Adequate (.71) | 3 | |
Episodic memory | • Verbal episodic list memory • Attention • Verbal recognition memory | RAVLT | Total recall, delayed recall, delayed recognition, trial 1, trial 2, trial 3, trial 4, trial 5, trial 6, trial 7 | Total and delayed recall: Adequate to high (.74–.88) Other trials: Lower [34] | 7, 12 |
• Verbal episodic memory of prose passages • Verbal learning | WMS-III Logical Memory | Total score I, total score II | Adequate (.76–.77) | 1, 6 | |
• Visual episodic memory • Visual learning • Visual recognition memory | BVMT-R | Total recall, delayed recall, recognition discrimination index, trial 1, trial 2, trial 3, learning, percent retained, recognition hits, recognition false alarms | Total recall: High (.80) Other trials: Lower | 11, 16 | |
Processing speed | • Visuomotor processing speed • Attention | TMT A | Score | Varies but mostly adequate, negligible practice effects over longer retest intervals [35] | 8 |
• Word naming speed • Color naming speed | D-KEFS Color Word Interference Test | Color naming, word reading | Color naming: Adequate (.76) Word reading: Marginal (.62) | 14 | |
Executive functions | • Cognitive flexibility • Working memory • Visuomotor processing speed | TMT B | Score | As TMT A above | 9 |
• Inhibition of a dominant and automatic verbal response • Sustained selective attention | D-KEFS Color Word Interference Test | Inhibition, inhibition total errors | Adequate (.76) | 15 |