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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study population

From: Implications of AB0 blood group in hypertensive patients with covid-19

Clinical study variables

Overall

(n164)

Group 0

(n72)

Group non-0

(n 92)

P value

Age (years)

55 ± 18

52 ± 15

54 ± 19

0.232

Sex (male, %)

108 (65.8)

44 (61.1)

64 (69.5)

0.499

Smoking (%)

18 (10.9)

8 (11.1)

10 (10.9)

0.183

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.5 ± 6.6

24.8 ± 7.3

26.3 ± 5.5

0.159

Signs and symptoms at admission

 Fever

131 (79.9)

57 (79.2)

74 (80.4)

0.076

 Cough

57 (34.7)

24 (33.3)

33 (35.9)

0.376

 Shortness of breath

47 (28.6)

21 (29.2)

26 (28.2)

0.560

 Fatigue

31 (18.9)

14 (19.4)

17 (18.4)

0.560

 Sputum production

8 (4.9)

3 (4.2)

5 (5.4)

0.502

 Muscle ache

10 (6.1)

4 (5.5)

6 (6.5)

0.533

 Diarrhea

8 (4.8)

3 (4.2)

5 (5.4)

0.502

 Chest pain

11 (6.7)

5 (6.9)

6 (6.5)

0.233

 Sore throat

8 (4.8)

4 (5.5)

4 (4.3)

0.498

 Rhinorrea

8 (4.8)

3 (4.2)

5 (5.4)

0.502

 Headache

8 (4.8)

4 (5.5)

4 (4.3)

0.498

Chronic medical illness

 Diabetes (%)

42 (25.6)

18 (25)

24 (26.1)

0.443

 Coronary heart disease (%)

56 (34.1)

26 (36.1)

30 (32.6)

0.522

 Previous AMI

30 (18.3)

13 (18.0)

17 (18.5)

0.156

 CABG

8 (4.8)

4 (5.5)

4 (4.3)

0.498

 PTCA

47 (28.6)

21 (29.2)

26 (28.2)

0.560

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(%)

26 (15.8)

11(15.3)

15 (16.3)

0.295

 Cerebrovascular disease (%)

18 (11.0)

7 (9.7)

11 (11.9)

0.232

 Chronic renal failure (%)

16 (9.7)

8 (11.1)

8 (8.7)

0.185

 Cancer

13 (8)

5 (6.9)

8 (8.7)

0.498

Laboratory findings at admission

 Red blood cells, n ×106 (μ/L)

3.8 [3.6–4.4]

3.8 [3.7–4.0]

3.9 [3.6–4.1]

0.785

 Hemoglobin, g/dl

12.1 [10.8–13.9]

12 [11.5–13.4]

12.2 [11.7–13.3]

0.087

 Whyte blood cells, n (μ/L)

8050 [3810–11,340]

7973 [3496–10,389]

8263 [3727–10,593]

0.122

 Lymphocytes, n (μ/L)

974 [568–1128]

983 [672–1347]

978 [589–1132]

0.101

 Neutrophils, n (μ/L)

6938 [2410–10,198]

6875 [1852–7899]

6943 [1972–8101]

0.226

 Pro-thrombin time (PT), s

12.7 [12.1–15.3]

12.6 [12.1–15.2]

12.9 [12.1–15.8]

0.064

 APTT (s)

29.3 [27.5–35.6]

28.5 [27.8–32.2]

31.1 [20.1–32.1]

0.002*

 D-dimer (mg/mL)

2.68 [0.11–24.45]

1.62 [0.11–20.21]

3.8 [0.14–24.45]

0.009*

 Von Willebrand factor (%)

239 [115–476]

209 [115–401]

256 [115–476]

0.007*

 Factor VIII (%)

188 [115–355]

166 [115–336]

188 [115–356]

0.004*

 Cholesterol, mg/dl

157.4 ± 14.7

157.5 ± 14

156.5 ± 15

0.953

 AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), mg/dl

43 ± 32

45 ± 33

39 ± 32

0.137

 ALT (Alanine amino transferase), md/dl

45.5 ± 27

47 ± 28

43 ± 24

0.131

 CK-MB (Creatinine kinase-myocardial band), mg/dl

150 ± 16

149 ± 17

150 ± 19

0.984

 LDH, mg/dl

608 ± 146

618 ± 14

596 ± 20

0.380

 High sensitivity Troponin I, μg/L

0.39 [0.12–1.47]

0.38 [0.12–1.49]

0.40 [0.13–1.57]

0.943

 Myohemoglobin, μg/L

49.92 ± 28.3

49.86 ± 30.1

49.46 ± 33.7

0.930

 Creatinine, mg/dL

0.90 ± 0.22

0.92 ± 0.18

0.88 ± 0.25

0.118

 BNP, pg/ml

35.5 ± 3.1

36.8 ± 3.7

31.4 ± 2.9

0.132

 Glucose, mg/dl

131 ± 38

130 ± 37

132 ± 39

0.994

 Hb1Ac, %

5.8 ± 0.4

5.8 ± 0.6

5.7 ± 0.9

0.654

 Sodium, mEq/L

135.6 ± 2.6

135.6 ± 2.4

135.4 ± 2.5

0.303

 Potassium, mEq/L

3.7 ± 0.2

3.6 ± 0.2

3.7 ± 0.3

0.703

 PaO2/FiO2, mmHg

81 [64–109]

78 [66–108]

82 [72–110]

0.354

Inflammatory markers

 Interleukin 1, pg/dl

387.5 [321.8–422.1]

383.4 [332.6–404.5]

389.9 [339.8–408.9]

0.804

 Interleukin 6, pg/dl

243.2 [202.7–251.2]

242.1 [216.8–248.9]

245.3 [222.1–250.1]

0.989

 Tumor necrosis alpha, mg/dl

3.1 [1.94–4.89]

2.9 [2.6–4.32]

3.3 [3.0–4.64]

0.693

 hs-C Reactive Protein, mg/dl

6.2 [1.2–17.12]

5.7 [4.3–16.7]

5.6 [1.2–18.7]

0.472

 Procalcitonin, ng/ml

0.21 [0.04–0.44]

0.22 [0.06–0.39]

0.24 [0.05–0.46]

0.372

Echocardiographic parameters

 LVTDd, mm

46.9 ± 4.4

46.5 ± 4.5

47.2 ± 4.3

0.329

 LVTSd, mm

31.1 ± 2.6

31.4 ± 2.8

30.7 ± 2.3

0.058

 LVEF (Left ventricle ejection fraction), %

51.3 ± 6.7

51.6 ± 7.8

50.7 ± 5.6

0.461

 Mitral insufficiency:

 Low (%)

109 (66.4)

45 (62.5)

64 (69.5)

0.436

 Moderate (%)

55 (33.5)

25 (34.7)

30 (32.6)

0.483

 Severe (%)

/

/

/

/

Chest radiography and computed tomography findings

 Pneumonia:

    

 Unilateral

39 (23.8)

18 (25)

21 (22.8)

0.747

 Bilateral

124 (75.6)

54 (75)

70 (76.1)

0.907

 Multiple motting and ground-glass opacity

87 (53)

38 (52.8)

49 (53.2)

0.843

Chronic drug therapy

Anti-platelets(%):

    

 Cardioaspirin

42 (25.6);

20 (27.8)

22 (23.9)

0.067

 Clopidrogel

39 (23.8);

18 (25)

21 (22.8)

0.747

 Beta blockers, (%)

55 (33.5)

22 (30.5)

33 (35.9)

0.145

 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors, (%)

41 (25)

20 (27.8)

21 (22.8)

0.292

 Angiotensin receptor blockers (%)

42 (25.6)

18 (25)

24 (26.1)

0.510

 Calcium blockers (%)

18 (10.9)

8 (11.1)

10 (10.9)

0.510

 Loop diuretics (%)

18 (11.0)

7 (9.7)

11 (11.9)

0.232

 Thiazides(%)

31 (18.9)

14 (19.4)

17 (18.4)

0.560

 Statins (%)

57 (34.7)

22 (30.6)

35 (38)

0.202

 Hypoglycemic drugs (%)

20 (12.2)

6 (8.3)

14 (15.2)

0.445

 Insulin therapy (%)

10 (6.1)

3 (4.2)

7 (7.6)

0.283

COVID-19 therapy

 Antiviral (%)

164 (100)

72 (100)

92 (100)

/

 Antibiotics (%)

140 (85.4)

63 (87.5)

77 (83.7)

0.396

 Chinidine (%)

134 (81.7)

60 (83.3)

74 (80.4)

0.395

 Glucocorticoids (%)

128 (78)

57 (79.2)

71 (77.2)

0.522

 Tocilizumab (%)

18 (10.9)

8 (11.1)

10 (10.9)

0.510

 Oxygen inhalation (%)

132 (80.5)

57 (79.2)

75 (81.5)

0.271

 Non-invasive ventilation (%)

34 (20.7)

15 (20.8)

19 (20.6)

0.540

Study endpoints

 Hospital admissions at Intensive Care Unit (%)

32 (19.5)

13 (18)

19 (20.6)

0.330

 Mechanical Ventilation (%)

69 (42.1)

30 (41.7)

39 (42.4)

0.471

 Cardiac injury (%)

37 (22.6)

10 (13.9)

27 (29.3)

0.014*

 Death (%)

24 (14.6)

6(8.3)

18(19.6)

0.034*

  1. Characteristics of the study population, and of 0 vs. non-0 group of patients. Categorical variables are shown as frequency rates and percentages, and continuous variables as mean (SD) and median (interquartile range [IQR]) for laboratory findings at admission. We indicated High sensitivity Troponin I (μg/L) as median (interquartile range [IQR]), and Myohemoglobin (μg/L), AST (mg/dl), ALT (mg/dl), CK-MB (mg/dl) and LDH (mg/dl) as means ± standard deviations. The means for continuous variables were compared using independent group t tests when the data were normally distributed (normal distribution verified applying the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test), otherwise, the Mann- Whitney test was used. The Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used for liner correlation analysis. Proportions for categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test, whereas the Fisher exact test was used when data were limited. Wilcoxon rank sum matched- pair tests were used to assess differences among the admission, hospitalization, and impending death. A 2-sided P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Analysis began February 29, 2020
  2. AMI acute myocardial infarction, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, PTCA percutaneous coronary angioplasty, PT Pro-thrombin time, APTT activated pro-thrombin time, AST aspartate amino transferase, ALT alanine amino transferase, CK-MB Creatinine kinase-myocardial band, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, BNP B type natriuretic peptide, Hb1Ac glycated hemoglobin, PaO2/FiO2 Pressure of Arterial Oxygen to Fractional Inspired Oxygen Concentration, hs high specificity, LVTDd left ventricle end-diastolic diameter, LVTSd left ventricle end-systolic diameter, LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction, * is for statistical significant (p < 0.05)
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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