Table 1 Characteristics of study participants from the Malmö Offspring Study, with means (95% CI), SD, median (IQR) and proportions

Age, years (95% CI)

39.7 (39.1–40.4), SD 13.4

39.2 (38.5–40.0), SD 13.2

40.3 (37.1–43.4), SD 13.9

41.5 (40.6–42.4), SD 13.1

46.2 (40.6–51.8), SD 13.4

40.3 (36.0–44.6), SD 13.4

37.1 (36.0–38.2), SD 13.3

Women, n (%)

791 (52)

649 (51)

45 (59)

457 (55)

13 (48)

25 (63)

295 (47)

Body mass index, kg/m² (95% CI)

25.8 (25.6–26.1), SD 4.7

25.8 (25.5–26.0), SD 4.7

25.1 (24.1–26.2) SD 4.5

25.9 (25.6–25.2), SD 4.4

27.0 (24.9–29.1), SD 5.3

26.1 (24.4–27.7), SD 5.3

25.7 (25.3–26.1), SD 5.1

Smoking (current), n (%)

197 (13)

168 (13)

8 (11)

90 (11)

5 (19)

7 (18)

95 (15)

Smoking, current or previous, n (%)

527 (34)

442 (35)

24 (32)

285 (34)

14 (52)

14 (35)

213 (34)

Waist circumference, cm (95% CI)

89.5 (88.9–90.2), SD 13.8

89.5 (88.8–90.3), SD 13.9

87.8 (85.0–90.6), SD 12.2

89.5 (88.6–90.3), SD 13.1

96.0 (89.7–102.3), SD 16.2

90.1 (85.0–95.3), SD 16.2

89.4 (88.2–90.5), SD 14.4

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (95% CI)

117.1 (116.4–117.8), SD 14.4

116.9 (116.1–117.7), SD 14.1

119.8 (116.1–123.5), SD 16.0

115.7 (114.8–116.6), SD 13.2

129.9 (122.0–137.7), SD 21.5

122.3 (115.4–129.3), SD 21.5

118.1 (116.9–119.2), SD 14.8

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (95% CI)

71.4 (70.9–71.8), SD 9.5

71.2 (70.7–71.8), SD 9.5

73.3 (70.8–75.8), SD 9.5

70.8 (70.2–71.4), SD 8.9

79.8 (75.1–84.4), SD 11.5

75.0 (71.0–79.1), SD 12.6

71.5 (70.7–72.3), SD 9.8

HbA_1c, mmol/mol (IQR)

34 (IQR 31–36)

34 (IQR 31.5–37)

34 (IQR 31.5–39)

34 (IQR 32–37)

35 (IQR 31–39.5)

35 (IQR 31.5–39.5)

33 (IQR 31–36)

Total cholesterol, mmol/L (95% CI)

5.0 (4.9–5.0), SD 1.1

5.0 (4.9–5.0), SD 1.1

4.9 (4.7–5.2), SD 1.0

5.1 (5.0–5.1), SD 1.1

5.2 (4.8–5.6), SD 1.0

5.1 (4.8–5.4), SD 1.0

4.8 (4.7–4.9), SD 1.1

HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (95% CI)

1.62 (1.59–1.64), SD 0.48

1.62 (1.59–1.64), SD 0.48

1.64 (1.53–1.75), SD 0.49

1.66 (1.63–1.69), SD 0.48

1.61 (1.40–1.82), SD 0.54

1.60 (1.44–1.76), SD 0.51

1.57 (1.53–1.60), SD 0.48

LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (95% CI)

3.13 (3.08–3.17), SD 0.96

3.10 (3.05–3.16), SD 0.97

3.09 (2.89–3.28), SD 0.83

3.19 (3.12–3.25), SD 0.97

3.27 (2.95–3.60), SD 0.83

3.29 (2.95–3.62), SD 1.04

3.03 (2.95–3.10), SD 0.94

LDL/HDL (95% CI)

2.14 (2.09–2.19), SD 1.00

2.13 (2.07–2.18), SD 1.01

2.07 (1.86–2.28), SD 0.90

2.11 (2.05–2.18), SD 0.96

2.23 (1.92–2.53), SD 0.77

2.40 (1.95–2.86), SD 1.41

2.15 (2.06–2.23), SD 1.04

Triglycerides, mmol/L (95% CI)

0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.4)

0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.3)

1.0 (IQR 0.7–1.2)

0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.3)

1.2 (IQR 0.9–1.5)

1.0 (IQR 0.8–1.6)

0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.4)

Creatinine, μmol/L (95% CI)

79.5 (78.8–80.2), SD 14.1

79.5 (78.8–80.3) SD 14.2

78.4 (75.3–81.4) SD 13.2

79.7 (78.7–80.6), SD 14.1

79.3 (72.7–85.9), SD 16.7

73.7 (69.5–78.1, SD 13.9

79.6 (78.5–80.7), SD 13.9

eGFR, mL/min/

1.73 m² (95% CI)

85.3 (84.9–85.7), SD 7.9

85.6 (85.2–86.1), SD 7.9

85.2 (83.3–87.0), SD 7.9

84.7 (84.1–85.3), SD 8.5

80.3 (75.7–84.9), SD 11.6

85.8 (83.8–87.7), SD 6.0

86.4 (85.8–86.9), SD 6.8

Hypertension, n (%)

230 (15)

182 (14)

11 (14)

107 (13)

10 (37)

10 (25)

103 (17)

Diabetes, n (%)

38 (2.4)

30 (2.3)

1 (1.3)

15 (1.7)

1 (3.4)

2 (5)

20 (3.2)

Lipid lowering medication, n (%)

31 (2.0)

24 (1.9)

1 (1.3)

19 (2.2)

1 (3.4)

0 (0)

11 (1.7)

Anti-hypertensive treatment, n (%)

70 (4.6)

51 (4.0)

4 (5.2)

36 (4.3)

4 (14.8)

3 (7.5)

27 (4.3)

- Thiazides, n (%)

8 (0.5)

5 (0.3)

1 (1.3)

4 (0.4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (0.6%)

- Beta blockers, n

(%)

28 (1.8)

23 (1.8)

2 (2.6)

14 (1.7)

1 (3.4)

1 (2.5)

12 (1.9)

- RAAS-

 Blockers, n (%)

39 (2.5)

27 (2.1)

0 (0)

21 (2.5)

2 (6.9)

1 (2.5)

13 (2.1)

- Calcium

antagonists (%)

20 (1.3)

15 (1.1)

1 (1.3)

9 (1.1)

1 (3.4)

1 (2.5)

9 (1.4)

History of AMI (%)

12 (0.8)

10 (0.8)

0 (0)

5 (0.6)

0 (0)

0 (0)

7 (1.1)

History of stroke (%)

12 (0.8)

7 (0.6)

1 (1.3)

3 (0.4)

2 (6.8)

0 (0)

7 (1.1)