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Table 2 Phenotypic Comparisons Among Clusters

From: Identifying Phenogroups in patients with subclinical diastolic dysfunction using unsupervised statistical learning

 

Cluster A

(n = 7)

Cluster B

(n = 59)

Cluster C

(n = 95)

P value

HFpEF % (n)

71.4% (7)

59.3% (59)

42.1% (95)

0.058

Gender Male/Female (n)

4 / 3 (7)

28↑ / 31↓(59)

20↓ / 75↑ (95)

0.001

Chronic Kidney Disease (n)

(5)

(50)

(91)

0.031

 Stage 1–2

0 ↓

18

44

 Stage 3a

1

8

23

 Stage 3b

3 ↑

10

13

 Stage 4

1

5

5

 Stage 5a

0

9 ↑

6

NT-Pro B-type natriuretic peptide, pg/ml (n)

22,211 ± 63,387 (3)

13,816 ± 7801 (26)

3850 ± 2027 (42)

0.035§

Echocardiography

Two-Dimensional Measurements

LV posterior wall in diastole, cm (n)

1.37 ± 0.38 (7)

1.27 ± 0.06 (59)

1.06 ± 0.04 (95)

< 0.001*

LV posterior wall in systole, cm (n)

2.00 ± 0.48 (7)

1.91 ± 0.09 (58)

1.61 ± 0.05 (89)

< 0.001*

Ventricular septal wall diastole, cm (n)

1.44 ± 0.35 (7)

1.28 ± 0.06 (59)

1.1 ± 0.04 (95)

< 0.001*

LV mass, g (n)

276.09 ± 104.71 (7)

236.22 ± 18.15 (56)

162.75 ± 8.21 (89)

< 0.001*

LV mass index, g/m2 (n)

142.97 ± 44.83 (7)

114.72 ± 8.89 (56)

86.87 ± 4.07 (89)

< 0.001†

Cardiac Hypertrophy Severity (n)

(7)

(56)

(89)

< 0.001

 None (count, %)

0 0.0% ↓

23 41.1% ↓

67 75.3% ↑

 

 Mild (count, %)

3 42.9%

9 16.1%

14 15.7%

 

 Moderate (count, %)

1 14.3%

8 14.3%

5 5.6%

 

 Severe (count, %)

3 42.9% ↑

16 28.6% ↑

3 3.4% ↓

 

Fractional shortening, % (n)

41.44 ± 11.63 (7)

34.34 ± 2.77 (57)

33.33 ± 1.83 (93)

0.027‡

LV ejection fraction, % (n)

65.6 ± 8.08 (6)

60.23 ± 1.9 (49)

60.68 ± 1.18 (77)

0.024||

LV end-diastolic volume, mL (n)

133.09 ± 48.09 (6)

97.77 ± 10.17 (50)

75.41 ± 5.19 (81)

< 0.001†

End-diastolic volume index, mL/m2 (n)

70.35 ± 18.22 (6)

47.26 ± 4.61 (50)

40.23 ± 2.45 (81)

< 0.001†

LV end-systolic volume, mL (n)

45.79 ± 23.32 (7)

40 ± 4.46 (49)

29.94 ± 2.41 (79)

0.003*

End-systolic volume index, mL/m2 (n)

23.75 ± 10.06 (7)

19.30 ± 1.94 (49)

15.93 ± 1.14 (79)

0.001 *

Relative Wall thickness (n)

0.60 ± 0.19 (7)

0.55 ± 0.04 (58)

0.49 ± 0.02 (95)

0.080

Left atrium linear dimension, cm (n)

4.24 ± 0.9 (7)

4.24 ± 0.16 (59)

3.80 ± 0.11 (94)

0.044 #

Doppler Measurements

Mitral peak E velocity, cm/s (n)

118.02 ± 17.42 (7)

111.79 ± 8.29 (56)

98.4 ± 4.8 (95)

0.081

Mitral peak A velocity, cm/s (n)

102.83 ± 40.87 (6)

89.7 ± 9.51 (55)

78.75 ± 4.58 (94)

0.064

Stroke volume LVOT, mL (n)

97.19 ± 35.38 (7)

83.97 ± 5.34 (28)

72.05 ± 5.73 (35)

0.003*

Stoke volume index LVOT, mL/m2 (n)

52.56 ± 20.84 (7)

41.61 ± 3.24 (26)

37.87 ± 3.23 (35)

0.002**

LVOT velocity max, cm/s (n)

137.59 ± 37.81 (7)

114.64 ± 5.67 (59)

103.51 ± 3.43 (94)

< 0.001†

LVOT velocity mean, cm/s (n)

95.76 ± 25.68 (7)

78.75 ± 3.96 (59)

70.24 ± 2.22 (93)

< 0.001†

LVOT max gradient, mmHg (n)

8.15 ± 3.83 (7)

5.53 ± 0.53 (57)

4.39 ± 0.29 (87)

< 0.001†

LVOT mean gradient, mmHg (n)

4.39 ± 1.91 (7)

2.93 ± 0.28 (57)

2.28 ± 0.14 (87)

< 0.001†

Aortic valve velocity max, cm/s (n)

364.35 ± 58.11 (7)

215.16 ± 16.83 (59)

174.47 ± 8.48 (94)

< 0.001†

Aortic valve velocity mean, cm/s (n)

243.57 ± 48.05 (7)

149.42 ± 12.01 (59)

118.26 ± 5.39 (93)

< 0.001†

Aortic valve max gradient, mmHg (n)

55.99 ± 18.79 (7)

20.17 ± 3.06 (59)

12.97 ± 1.26 (93)

< 0.001†

Aortic valve mean gradient, mmHg (n)

28.18 ± 10.8 (7)

10.9 ± 1.71 (59)

6.63 ± 0.61 (93)

< 0.001†

  1. Categorical values are presented as counts and percentages; continuous variables are presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. LV left ventricle, LVOT LV outflow tract
  2. n = total number of patients in each cohort or n = number of patients with available data
  3. ↑ or ↓indicates higher or lower than expected by chance
  4. *Clusters A & B differ from Cluster C (Newman-Keuls/Duncan’s)
  5. † All Clusters differ from each other (Newman-Keuls)
  6. ‡ Only Cluster A differs from Cluster C (Duncan’s)
  7. || Only Cluster A differs from Cluster B (Duncan’s)
  8. # ANOVA is significant but multiple comparisons (Newman-Keuls and Duncan’s) show all clusters overlap each other
  9. ** Clusters B & C differ from Cluster A (Newman-Keuls)