Table 1 Sample characteristics by hypertension, diabetes and gender of community-dwelling participants aged 30–90 in Keezhumadu, Kerala, India, 2018
|  | Not hypertensive | Hypertensive | χ² ,p value | Not diabetic | Diabetic | χ2, p value | Male | Female | χ2, p value | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||||||
 30–39 | 185 (22.8%) | 18 (9.7%) | χ2 = 22.40, p < 0.001 | 188 (22.51%) | 15 (9.3%) | χ2 = 35.33, p < 0.001 | 61 (16.7%) | 142 (22.5%) | χ2 = 10.78, p = 0.029 | 203 (20.4%) |
 40–49 | 163 (20.1%) | 39 (21.1%) | 182 (21.80%) | 20 (12.4%) | 66 (18.1%) | 136 (21.5%) | 202 (20.3%) | |||
 50–59 | 173 (21.3%) | 50 (27.0%) | 171 (20.48%) | 52 (32.1%) | 81 (22.2%) | 142 (22.5%) | 223 (22.4%) | |||
 60–69 | 171 (21.1%) | 57 (30.8%) | 174 (20.84%) | 54 (33.3%) | 96 (26.3%) | 132 (20.9%) | 228 (22.9%) | |||
 70+ | 120 (14.8%) | 21 (11.4%) | 120 (14.37%) | 21 (13.0%) | 61 (16.7%) | 80 (12.7%) | 141 (14.1%) | |||
Gender | ||||||||||
 Male | 276 (34.0%) | 89 (48.1%) | χ2 = 12.94, p < 0.001 | 298 (35.7%) | 67 (41.4%) | ns | – | – | – | 365 (36.6%) |
 Female | 536 (66.0%) | 96 (51.9%) | 537 (64.3%) | 95 (58.6%) | – | – | 632 (63.4%) | |||
Education | ||||||||||
 None | 32 (3.9%) | 9 (4.9%) | χ2 = 15.13, p = 0.004 | 32 (3.8%) | 9 (5.6%) | χ2 = 20.80, p < 0.001 | 6 (1.6%) | 35 (5.5%) | χ2 = 12.12, p = 0.016 | 41 (4.1%) |
 Did not complete primary | 178 (21.9%) | 49 (26.5%) | 186 (22.3%) | 41 (25.3%) | 79 (21.6%) | 148 (23.4%) | 227 (22.8%) | |||
 Completed primary | 243 (29.9%) | 68 (36.8%) | 246 (29.5%) | 65 (40.1%) | 126 (34.5%) | 185 (29.3%) | 311 (31.2%) | |||
 Completed secondary | 176 (21.7%) | 40 (21.6%) | 182 (21.8%) | 34 (21.0%) | 85 (23.3%) | 131 (20.7%) | 216 (21.7%) | |||
 Completed tertiary | 183 (22.5%) | 19 (10.3%) | 189 (22.6%) | 13 (8.0%) | 69 (18.9%) | 133 (21.0%) | 202 (20.3%) | |||
Literacy | ||||||||||
 Able to read newspaper | 748 (92.1%) | 174 (94.1%) | ns | 774 (92.7%) | 148 (91.4%) | ns | 348 (95.3%) | 574 (90.8%) | χ2 = 6.79, p = 0.009 | 922 (92.5%) |
Occupation | ||||||||||
 Paid work | 266 (32.8%) | 75 (40.5%) | ns | 284 (34.0%) | 57 (35.2%) | ns | 224 (61.4%) | 117 (18.5%) | χ2 = 305.2, p < 0.001 | 341 (34.2%) |
 Unemployed | 206 (25.4%) | 33 (17.8%) | 195 (23.4%) | 44 (27.2%) |  | 69 (18.9%) | 170 (26.9%) | 239 (24.0%) | ||
 Housewife / husband | 275 (33.9%) | 62 (33.5%) | 291 (34.9%) | 46 (28.4%) |  | 18 (4.9%) | 319 (50.5%) | 337 (33.8%) | ||
 Retired | 65 (8.0%) | 15 (8.1%) | 65 (7.8%) | 15 (9.3%) |  | 54 (14.8%) | 26 (4.1%) | 80 (8.0%) | ||
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Never married | 12 (1.5%) | 6 (3.2%) | ns | 16 (1.9%) | 2 (1.2%) | ns | 11 (3.0%) | 7 (1.1%) | χ2 = 63.14, p < 0.001 | 18 (1.8%) |
 Married | 675 (83.1%) | 149 (80.5%) | 696 (83.4%) | 128 (79.0%) |  | 340 (93.2%) | 484 (76.6%) | 824 (82.7%) | ||
 Widowed / divorced / separated | 125 (15.4%) | 30 (16.2%) | 123 (14.7%) | 32 (19.8%) |  | 14 (3.8%) | 141 (22.3%) | 155 (15.6%) | ||
Social network typology | ||||||||||
 Family dependent | 80 (9.9%) | 18 (9.7%) | ns | 86 (10.3%) | 12 (7.4%) | ns | 36 (9.9%) | 62 (9.8%) | χ2 = 20.75, p < 0.001 | 98 (9.8%) |
 Locally integrated | 215 (26.5%) | 52 (28.1%) | 220 (26.4%) | 47 (29.0%) | 125 (34.3%) | 142 (22.5%) | 267 (26.8%) | |||
 locally self-contained | 79 (9.7%) | 18 (9.7%) | 76 (9.1%) | 21 (13.0%) | 28 (7.7%) | 69 (10.9%) | 97 (9.7%) | |||
 Wider community focus | 208 (25.6%) | 48 (26.0%) | 210 (25.2%) | 46 (28.4%) | 94 (25.8%) | 162 (25.6%) | 256 (25.7%) | |||
 Private | 230 (28.3%) | 49 (26.5%) | 243 (29.1%) | 36 (22.2%) | 82 (22.5%) | 197 (31.2%) | 279 (28.0%) | |||
Depression | ||||||||||
 non-case | 683 (84.1%) | 158 (85.4%) | ns | 705 (84.4%) | 136 (84.0%) | ns | 334 (91.5%) | 507 (80.2%) | χ2 = 22.33, p < 0.001 | 841 (84.4%) |
probable case | 129 (15.9%) | 27 (15.0%) | 130 (15.6%) | 26 (16.1%) | 31 (8.5%) | 125 (19.8%) | 156 (15.7%) | |||
Anxiety | ||||||||||
 non-case | 636 (78.3%) | 147 (79.5%) | ns | 653 (78.2%) | 130 (80.3%) | ns | 321 (88.0%) | 462 (73.1%) | χ2 = 30.24, p < 0.001 | 783 (78.5%) |
 probable case | 176 (21.7%) | 38 (20.5%) | 182 (21.8%) | 32 (19.8%) | 44 (12.1%) | 170 (26.9%) | 214 (21.5%) | |||
Risk factor- smoking | ||||||||||
 Yes | 102 (12.6%) | 46 (24.9%) | χ2 = 18.04, p < 0.001 | 721 (86.4%) | 128 (79.0%) | χ2 = 5.77, p = 0.016 | 132 (36.2%) | 16 (2.5%) | χ2 = 207.04, p < 0.001 | 148 (14.8%) |
 No | 710 (87.4%) | 139 (75.1%) | 114 (13.7%) | 34 (21.0%) | 233 (63.8%) | 616 (97.5%) | 849 (85.2%) | |||
Risk factor- Alcoholism | ||||||||||
 Yes | 91 (11.2%) | 39 (21.1%) | χ2 = 12.95, p < 0.001 | 105 (12.6%) | 25 (15.4%) | ns | 115 (31.5%) | 15 (2.4%) | χ2 = 173.19, p < 0.001 | 130 (13.0%) |
 No | 721 (88.8%) | 146 (78.9%) | 730 (87.4%) | 137 (84.6%) | 250 (68.5%) | 617 (97.6%) | 867 (86.9%) | |||
Told High Blood Pressure | ||||||||||
 No | 568 (70.0%) | 96 (51.9%) | χ2 = 22.08, p < 0.001 | 573 (68.6%) | 91 (56.2%) | χ2 = 9.45, p = 0.002 | 270 (74.0%) | 394 (62.3%) | χ2 = 14.07, p < 0.001 | 664 (66.6%) |
 Yes | 244 (30.1%) | 89 (48.1%) | 262 (31.4%) | 71 (43.8%) | 95 (26.0%) | 238 (37.7%) | 333 (33.4%) | |||
Told Diabetes | ||||||||||
 No | 616 (75.9%) | 122 (66.0%) | χ2 = 7.70, p = 0.006 | 696 (83.4%) | 42 (25.9%) | χ2 = 232.69, p < 0.001 | 272 (74.5%) | 466 (73.7%) | χ2 = 14.07, p < 0.001 | 738 (74.0%) |
 Yes | 196 (24.1%) | 63 (34.1%) | 139 (16.7%) | 120 (74.1%) | 93 (25.5%) | 166 (26.3%) | 259 (26.0%) | |||
WHODAS | ||||||||||
 Quartile 1 | 262 (32.3%) | 57 (30.8%) | ns | 278 (33.3%) | 41 (25.3%) | ns | 159 (43.6%) | 160 (25.3%) | χ2 = 45.04, p < 0.001 | 319 (32.0%) |
 Quartile 2 | 153 (18.8%) | 34 (18.4%) | 160 (19.2%) | 27 (16.7%) | 70 (19.2%) | 117 (18.5%) | 187 (18.8%) | |||
 Quartile 3 | 206 (25.4%) | 51 (27.6%) | 211 (25.3%) | 46 (28.4%) | 82 (22.5%) | 175 (27.7%) | 257 (25.8%) | |||
 Quartile 4 | 191 (23.5%) | 43 (23.2%) | 186 (22.3%) | 48 (29.6%) | 54 (14.8%) | 180 (28.5%) | 234 (23.5%) | |||