Fig. 1

Layer-specific strain analysis of the left ventricle. Longitudinal strain measurements were obtained from the apical 4-chamber (A4C), 2-chamber (A2C), and 3-chamber (A3C) views. Circumferential and radial strain measurements were obtained from the parasternal short-axis (PSAX) view at the papillary muscle level. Full-thickness measurements were performed by tracing an inner border at the endocardium and an outer border at the epicardium. Endocardial-only strain measurements were performed using the same inner endocardial border as the full-thickness measurements. Epicardial-only measurements were performed by approximating the same outer epicardial border as the full-thickness measurements