Table 1 Baseline characteristics and CMR parameters of all patients
Group 1 Lower PWV Negative ischemia (n = 169) | Group 2 Lower PWV Positive ischemia (n = 91) | Group 3 Higher PWV Negative ischemia (n = 152) | Group 4 Higher PWV Positive ischemia (n = 108) | Total | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 64.6 ± 11.7 | 67.2 ± 9.9 | 73.1 ± 8.6 | 70.9 ± 9.3 | 68.9 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
Female | 91 (53.8) | 30 (33.0) | 93 (61.2) | 47 (43.5) | 261 (50.2) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/sqm | 26.9 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 26.9 ± 4.5 | 25.4 ± 3.6 | 26.7 ± 4.4 | 0.01 |
Previous history | ||||||
Hypertension | 134 (79.3) | 76 (83.5) | 142 (93.4) | 96 (88.9) | 448 (86.2) | 0.002 |
Diabetes mellitus | 75 (44.4) | 48 (52.7) | 103 (67.8) | 65 (60.2) | 291 (56.0) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 114 (67.5) | 71 (78.0) | 114 (75.0) | 80 (74.1) | 379 (72.9) | 0.25 |
Known CAD | 12 (7.1) | 29 (31.9) | 24 (15.8) | 43 (39.8) | 108 (20.8) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 7 (4.1) | 4 (4.4) | 5 (3.3) | 6 (5.6) | 22 (4.2) | 0.83 |
Current smoking | 14 (8.3) | 27 (29.7) | 7 (4.6) | 20 (18.5) | 68 (13.1) | < 0.001 |
Medications | ||||||
Aspirin | 67 (39.6) | 55 (60.4) | 66 (43.4) | 70 (64.8) | 258 (49.6) | < 0.001 |
Beta blocker | 75 (44.4) | 48 (52.7) | 78 (51.3) | 56 (51.9) | 257 (49.4) | 0.46 |
Calcium channel blocker | 50 (29.6) | 26 (28.6) | 55 (36.2) | 33 (30.6) | 164 (31.5) | 0.53 |
ACEI or ARB | 62 (36.7) | 40 (44.0) | 77 (50.7) | 57 (52.8) | 236 (45.4) | 0.03 |
Statin | 83 (49.1) | 49 (53.8) | 80 (52.6) | 74 (68.5) | 286 (55.0) | 0.01 |
Parameter | ||||||
Systolic BP, mmHg | 131.8 ± 18.4 | 132.3 ± 18.0 | 139.5 ± 19.2 | 144.6 ± 21.5 | 136.8 ± 19.9 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74.4 ± 10.9 | 72.1 ± 12.4 | 72.1 ± 12.6 | 72.6 ± 12.6 | 72.9 ± 12.0 | 0.282 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | 57.3 ± 15.6 | 60.2 ± 16.2 | 67.5 ± 17.2 | 71.7 ± 20.7 | 63.8 ± 18.2 | < 0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 76.9 ± 13.4 | 75.2 ± 12.4 | 77.5 ± 14.8 | 77.5 ± 13.8 | 76.9 ± 13.7 | 0.54 |
LVEF, % | 68.2 ± 12.5 | 61.1 ± 16.2 | 72.9 ± 9.5 | 60.6 ± 18.1 | 66.7 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
PWV, m/sec | 7.73 (6.64–8.94) | 8.46 (7.08–9.43) | 13.99 (12.35–17.59) | 13.44 (11.57–16.31) | 10.54 (7.86–13.89) | < 0.001 |