Association between inflammation and skeletal muscle proteolysis, skeletal mass and strength in elderly heart failure patients and their prognostic implications

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients

Characteristic	Control (n = 83)	Heart failure (n = 78)	P-value
Age (years)	72 ± 5	73 ± 8	0.21
Female	24 (29)	28 (36)	0.15
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.3 ± 3.5	22.8 ± 4.2	0.42
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	123 ± 17	125 ± 23	0.69
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	75 ± 13	76 ± 14	0.51
Cardiac rhythm			0.40
Sinus rhythm	35 (42)	23 (29)
Paroxysmal/persistent AF	48 (58)	55 (71)
Medical comorbidities
Coronary artery disease	6 (7)	6 (8)	0.86
Valvular disease	1 (1)	10 (13)	< 0.001
Hypertension	30 (36)	38 (49)	0.11
Diabetes	10 (12)	16 (21)	0.14
Dyslipidemia	17 (20)	14 (18)	0.68
TIA/Stroke	4 (5)	11 (14)	< 0.05
Laboratory data
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.8 ± 11.7	12.7 ± 2.0	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.83 ± 0.19	0.88 ± 0.39	0.36
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)	68 ± 17	66 ± 18	0.39
CRP (mg/dL)	0.16 ± 0.26	0.70 ± 1.16	< 0.001
IL-6 (pg/mL)	3.30 ± 3.71	8.08 ± 7.05	< 0.001
Creatine kinase (IU/L)	91 ± 33	92 ± 50	0.87
BNP (pg/mL)	41 ± 28	328 ± 249	< 0.001
LVEF (%)	56 ± 11	45 ± 16	< 0.001
LAD (mm)	35 ± 5.8	40 ± 7.4	< 0.001
Medications
β-Blocker	59 (71)	75 (96)	< 0.001
ACE-I/ARB	29 (35)	66 (85)	< 0.001
Loop diuretics	4 (5)	31 (40)	< 0.001
Aldosterone blocker	5 (6)	18 (23)	< 0.01
Calcium blocker	23 (28)	19 (24)	0.56
Statin	16 (19)	27 (35)	< 0.05
Aspirin	10 (12)	21 (27)	0.16
Anticoagulant	48 (58)	56 (72)	0.09

AF Atrial fibrillation, TIA Transient ischemic attack, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6 Interleukin 6, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, LAD Left atrial dimension, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. Data represent the number, frequency, or means±SD

ISSN: 1471-2261