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Table 1 Patient characteristics

From: Association between the tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products and exercise capacity in cardiac rehabilitation patients

 

High SAF(n = 159)

Low SAF(n = 160)

P value

Age

67.9 ± 10.4

60.6 ± 11.8

< 0.01

Male (%)

127 (79.9)

129 (80.6)

0.87

BMI

23.7 ± 3.5

23.3 ± 3.3

0.38

Diabetes mellitus (%)

69 (43.4)

38 (23.8)

< 0.01

Hypertension (%)

107 (67.3)

102 (63.8)

0.51

Dyslipidemia (%)

86 (54.1)

86 (53.8)

0.95

Chronic kidney disease (%)

46 (28.9)

28 (17.6)

0.02

Current smoking (%)

22 (13.8)

22 (13.8)

1

COPD (%)

14 (8.8)

5 (3.1)

0.03

Cancer (%)

0 (0)

3 (1.9)

0.21

History of CVD

 MI (%)

19 (12.0)

16 (10.0)

0.58

 PCI (%)

34 (21.4)

22 (13.8)

0.07

 CABG (%)

9 (5.7)

6 (3.8)

0.41

 Valvular surgery (%)

10 (6.3)

6 (3.8)

0.29

 CHF (%)

32 (20.1)

27 (16.9)

0.45

CVD at the beginning of CR

 Acute myocardial infarction (%)

20 (12.6)

19 (11.9)

0.85

 Effort angina pectoris (%)

28 (17.6))

20 (12.5)

0.20

 PCI (%)

28 (17.6)

25 (15.6)

0.63

 CABG (%)

45 (28.3)

24 (15.0)

< 0.01

 Valvular disease (%)

58 (36.5)

59 (36.9)

0.94

 Valvular surgery (%)

47 (29.8)

50 (31.3)

0.77

 Aortic disease (%)

10 (6.3)

13 (8.1)

0.53

 Peripheral artery disease (%)

8 (5.0)

3 (1.9)

0.12

 Atrial fibrillation (%)

24 (15.1)

26 (16.3)

0.78

Anthropometric data

 Body fat percentage (%)

23.4 ± 7.7

21.4 ± 8.5

0.03

 Lean body weight (kg)

48.6 ± 8.4

50.1 ± 8.7

0.13

 Trunk muscle mass (kg)

24.8 ± 3.9

25.7 ± 4.2

0.06

 Upper limb muscle mass (kg)

4.6 ± 1.0

4.8 ± 1.0

0.15

 Lower limb muscle mass (kg)

16.6 ± 4.0

17.1 ± 3.5

0.32

 Grip strength (kg)

29.9 ± 8.2

32.3 ± 8.4

0.04

Echocardiography

 LVEF (%)

56 ± 14

57 ± 15

0.74

 E/A

1.3 ± 0.9

1.4 ± 0.9

0.42

 E/e’

14.1 ± 0.7

13.0 ± 0.7

0.28

Laboratory data

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.3 ± 1.9

13.9 ± 1.7

< 0.01

 Albumin (g/dL)

3.9 ± 0.4

4.0 ± 0.5

0.03

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.11 ± 1.4

0.8 ± 0.3

< 0.01

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

70.1 ± 25.7

77.2 ± 19.4

< 0.01

 TG (mg/dL)

114 ± 63

130 ± 87

0.07

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

49 ± 15

50 ± 16

0.68

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

100 ± 28

100 ± 30

0.88

 HbA1c (%)

6.1 ± 0.8

5.8 ± 0.6

< 0.01

 BNP (pg/nL)

200.6 ± 516.0

160 ± 287

0.40

 Skin autofluorescence (a.u)

3.3 ± 0.4

2.4 ± 0.3

< 0.01

Medication

 Aspirin (%)

130 (82.3)

12 (78.1)

0.35

 ACE-I/ARB (%)

66 (41.8)

62 (38.8)

0.58

 Statin (%)

106 (67.1)

87 (54.4)

0.02

 β blocker (%)

116 (73.4)

116 (72.5)

0.85

 Ca antagonist (%)

29 (18.4)

21 (13.1)

0.20

 Loop diuretics (%)

110 (69.6)

108 (67.5)

0.68

 Oral hypoglycemic agent (%)

35 (22.2)

13 (8.1)

< 0.01

 Insulin (%)

14 (8.9)

0 (0)

< 0.01

Anaerobic threshold (AT)

 Workload (W)

43 ± 14

49 ± 15

< 0.01

 AT (mL/kg/min)

10.7 ± 2.2

11.8 ± 2.5

< 0.01

Peak exercise

 HR (/min)

111 ± 19

116 ± 20

0.03

 SBP (mmHg)

178 ± 30

173 ± 31

0.16

 DBP (mmHg)

86 ± 17

87 ± 17

0.41

 RER

1.12 ± 0.11

1.11 ± 0.10

0.18

 Workload (W)

77 ± 20

86 ± 21

< 0.01

 Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min)

15.6 ± 3.5

17.2 ± 3.8

< 0.01

 VE/VCO2

32.4 ± 7.5

29.5 ± 6.5

< 0.01

  1. High SAF; defined as SAF levels > 2.8
  2. Data are presented as the mean value ± SD. BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, MI myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CHF congestive heart failure, CR cardiac rehabilitation, LV left ventricular, EF ejection fraction, E early diastolic filling velocity, A late diastolic filling velocity, e’ early diastolic tissue velocity, eGFR estimate glomerular filtration rate, TG triglyceride, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, RER respiratory exchange ratio, peak VO2 peak oxygen uptake