Table 4 Studies showing significantly higher rates of outcomes in women, presented alphabetically by primary author
From: Readmission rates following heart failure: a scoping review of sex and gender based considerations
Primary author (year) | Sample Size n (%) | Mean Age (years) | Mean Length of Hospital Stay (days) | Type of Reporting by Sex1 | Time to Event (months), Heart Failure Readmission Rate | Other | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | |||||||
Arora (2017) [26] | 301,892 F: n (49.4) M: n (50.6) | 73.4% ≥ 65 years | 5.29 ± 0.01 | b, c | 1-month, 0.93 OR (0.90–0.96) |  | Female readmission without HF: 1.02 OR (1.00–1.05) | Females |
Gevaert (2014) [47] | 957; F:435(44.5); M: 542 (55.5) | F < 75 years (42.5) vs. (20.3) M, p = 0.005 |  | b,c | 12 |  | Mortality and hospitalization: Adj. OR for female gender:1.1 (0.65–1.86) Prognosis women < 75 years of age: 7.17 OR (1.79–28.66) | Females, less than 75 years of age, prognosis |
Howie-Esquivel (2007) [42] | 72; M: 47 | 62 ± 18 |  |  |  |  | 34 were rehospitalized for cardiac reasons within 3 months. Women had a 2.5 times greater risk for rehospitalization than men. 52 days; 40 days non-Caucasian females; > 90 days in males | Women had a 2.5 times greater risk for rehospitalization than men. Non white ethnicity and female gender incurred ≥2 times greater risk of cardiac rehospitalization |
Jimenez-Navarro (2010) [38] | Females, 1368 (29) Males, 3351 (71) | Females 64 ± 12, p < 0.001 Males 70 ± 12 |  | a, b, c | 40 ± 12, 60% not require readmission | 77% not require readmission | Cardiovascular event-free survival: F, 45%, M, 62% | Females higher in heart failure readmission and lower cardiovascular event-free survival, P < 0.001 |
Macdonald (2008) [25] | With Diabetes, 15,161 Females, 7805 Males, 7356 | Females With Diabetes 73.8 ± 10.0 Males with Diabetes 70.0 ± 10.3 |  | a, b, c | 1-month, Diabetic Crude Rate 7.1 (6.5–7.7) 1-month, Non Diabetic Crude Rate 5.2 (5.0–5.4) | 8.4 (7.7–9.1) 6.8 (6.5–7.0) | Women younger than 65 at both 1 and 5 years have a greater risk for heart failure readmission or death associated with diabetes than in men younger than 65 years and women older than 75 years. | Females < 75 years of age with diabetes |
Without Diabetes, 101,395 Females, 53,578 Males, 47,817 | Females without Diabetes 77.3 ± 11.5 Males without Diabetes 71.8 ± 12.4 | 12-month, Diabetic Crude Rate 38.0 (36.7–39.3) | 38.9 (37.5–40.2) | |||||
12-month, Non Diabetic Crude Rate 29.1 (28.6–29.6) | 31.2 (30.7–31.7) | |||||||
60-Month, Diabetic Crude Rate 69.8 (68.3–71.3) | 70.2 (68.7–71.7) | |||||||
60-Month, Non Diabetic Crude Rate 57.6 (57.0–58.2) | 58.8 (58.2–59.4) | |||||||
Vader (2016) [46] | F: 185 (24.9); M:559 (75.1) | 69 (60–78) | 6 | b,c | 1,2 |  | 0.74 (0.57–0.98) | Male is lower in readmission or death |