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Table 3 Effect of Baseline and Longitudinal Pulse Rates on Outcomes

From: Association of pulse rate with outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a retrospective cohort study

 

Pulse rate (bpm)

Baseline

Crude

HR or RRa (95% CI)

Baseline Multivariablec

HR or RRa (95% CI)

Longitudinal

Crude

HR or RRb (95% CI)

Longitudinal Multivariablec

HR or RRb (95% CI)

All-Cause Mortality (HR)

47–59

0.91 (0.84–0.98) §

0.85 (0.76–0.94) §

0.92 (0.86–0.98) §

0.84 (0.78–0.90) ||

60–63

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

0.90 (0.81–1.00)

0.93 (0.87–0.99) §

0.86 (0.80–0.94) §

64–67

0.99 (0.92–1.07)

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

0.92 (0.86–0.98) §

0.88 (0.81–0.95) §

68–71

0.99 (0.92–1.07)

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

0.96 (0.90–1.02)

0.90 (0.83–0.97) §

72–75

–

–

–

–

76–79

1.10 (1.02–1.18) §

1.11 (1.01–1.22) §

1.07 (0.99–1.14)

1.09 (1.00–1.18)

80–83

1.07 (1.00–1.16)

1.14 (1.04–1.27) §

1.10 (1.02–1.18) §

1.11 (1.02–1.21) §

84–88

1.06 (0.99–1.15)

1.15 (1.04–1.27) §

1.19 (1.11–1.28) ||

1.22 (1.12–1.33) ||

89–96

1.13 (1.05–1.22) §

1.25 (1.14–1.38) ||

1.41 (1.32–1.52) ||

1.55 (1.42–1.68) ||

97–117

1.21 (1.12–1.30) ||

1.43 (1.30–1.58) ||

1.84 (1.71–1.97) ||

2.03 (1.86–2.21) ||

All-Cause Hospitalizations (RR)

47–59

0.79 (0.70–0.90) §

0.84 (0.73–0.97) §

0.95 (0.87–1.02)

1.00 (0.90–1.10)

60–63

0.91 (0.80–1.03)

0.98 (0.85–1.13)

0.91 (0.84–0.99) §

0.93 (0.85–1.03)

64–67

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

0.90 (0.83–0.98) §

0.89 (0.81–0.98) §

68–71

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

72–75

–

–

–

–

76–79

1.12 (0.99–1.26)

1.16 (1.02–1.31) §

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

80–83

1.21 (1.08–1.36) ||

1.19 (1.04–1.35) §

1.17 (1.07–1.28) §

1.22 (1.09–1.37) §

84–88

1.24 (1.10–1.39) ||

1.18 (1.04–1.34) §

1.18 (1.09–1.29) ||

1.19 (1.06–1.34) §

89–96

1.28 (1.14–1.44) ||

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

1.44 (1.32–1.56) ||

1.43 (1.29–1.59) ||

97–117

1.48 (1.32–1.65) ||

1.30 (1.14–1.47) ||

2.06 (1.89–2.25) ||

1.85 (1.66–2.07) ||

Heart Failure Hospitalizations (RR)

47–59

0.68 (0.49–0.93) §

0.68 (0.48–0.97) §

0.79 (0.57–1.08)

0.88 (0.66–1.17)

60–63

0.77 (0.56–1.06)

0.87 (0.62–1.23)

0.84 (0.59–1.19)

0.97 (0.70–1.36)

64–67

0.72 (0.52–0.99) §

0.73 (0.52–1.03)

0.65 (0.47–0.89) §

0.66 (0.50–0.86) §

68–71

0.96 (0.73–1.28)

1.02 (0.76–1.38)

0.86 (0.59–1.26)

0.98 (0.72–1.33)

72–75

–

–

–

–

76–79

1.18 (0.89–1.56)

1.23 (0.91–1.64)

0.92 (0.65–1.30)

1.19 (0.81–1.76)

80–83

1.27 (0.97–1.68)

1.20 (0.89–1.62)

1.05 (0.75–1.45)

1.20 (0.90–1.61)

84–88

1.38 (1.06–1.80) §

1.23 (0.92–1.64)

1.06 (0.76–1.46)

1.24 (0.92–1.68)

89–96

1.33 (1.01–1.74) §

1.09 (0.81–1.46)

1.38 (1.00–1.92)

1.61 (1.18–2.21) §

97–117

1.85 (1.43–2.39) ||

1.64 (1.24–2.17) §

2.11 (1.53–2.92) ||

2.29 (1.65–3.17) ||

  1. HR Hazard Ratio, RR Rate Ratio, bpm beats per minute
  2. aPoisson regression model
  3. bNegative Binomial regression model
  4. cMultivariable models were adjusted for age, gender, race, BMI, eGFR, serum potassium, serum sodium, use of beta blockade, ARBs, ACEIs, nitrates, statins, aldosterone antagonists, calcium channel blockers, loop diuretics, and history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, diabetes, stroke/TIA, cardiovascular disease and anemia. The baseline multivariate model was additionally adjusted for baseline LVEF and the longitudinal multivariate was adjusted for development of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter
  5. §p < .05 ||p < .0001
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BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2261

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