Table 5 Characteristics and outcomes of patients with and without perivalvular abscess
|  | - Perivalvular abscess (n = 275) | + Perivalvular abscess (n = 148) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 64.3 [50.6–72.9] | 65.0 [50.3–74.0] | 0.778 |
Female sex | 61 (22.3%) | 43 (29.1%) | 0.122 |
BMI | 25.8 [23.5–28.3] | 25.4 [23.4–28.7] | 0.597 |
BSA | 1.98 [1.83–2.12] | 1.96 [1.74–1.96] | 0.309 |
COPD | 26 (9.5%) | 14 (9.5%) | 0.999 |
Diabetes | 78 (28.4%) | 39 (26.4%) | 0.659 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 17 (6.2%) | 18 (12.2%) | 0.033 |
Preoperative AKI | 156 (56.7%) | 90 (60.8%) | 0.417 |
Coronary artery disease | 71 (25.8%) | 46 (31.1%) | 0.248 |
Immunosuppression | 3 (1.1%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.229 |
HIV | 6 (2.2%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.739 |
Alcohol abuse | 26 (9.5%) | 15 (10.1%) | 0.821 |
Intravenous drug abuse | 19 (6.9%) | 9 (6.1%) | 0.774 |
History of neoplasm | 27 (9.8%) | 16 (10.8%) | 0.747 |
LVEF | |||
< 30% | 4 (1.5%) | 5 (3.4%) | 0.201 |
30–50% | 61 (22.8%) | 33 (22.4%) | 0.942 |
> 50% | 203 (75.7%) | 109 (74.1%) | 0.809 |
MICROBIOLOGY | |||
 Positive Blood culture | 224 (89.6%) | 119 (84.4%) | 0.132 |
 Streptococcus spp. | 69 (25.1%) | 26 (17.6%) | 0.077 |
 Staphylococcus spp. | 83 (30.2%) | 51 (34.5%) | 0.367 |
 Staph aureus | 61 (22.2%) | 33 (22.3%) | 0.978 |
 CoNS | 23 (8.4%) | 19 (12.8%) | 0.142 |
 Enterococcus spp. | 39 (14.2%) | 22 (14.9%) | 0.849 |
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | |||
 Vegetation | 226 (82.5%) | 110 (74.8%) | 0.062 |
Leftsided IE | |||
 Aortic valve | 136 (49.5%) | 113 (76.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Mitral valve | 154 (56.0%) | 50 (33.8%) | < 0.001 |
Rightsided IE | |||
 Tricuspid valve | 19 (6.9%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.069 |
 Pulmonary valve | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.663 |
SYMPTOMS | |||
 Fever | 169 (61.5%) | 107 (72.3%) | 0.026 |
 Sepsis | 136 (49.5%) | 84 (56.8%) | 0.152 |
 IE-related neurologic complications | 85 (30.9%) | 43 (29.1%) | 0.692 |
 Septic embolism | 99 (36.1%) | 47 (32.2%) | 0.658 |
 Cardiogenic shock | 31 (11.3%) | 25 (16.9%) | 0.104 |
OPERATION | |||
 Operation time (min) | 195 [155–245] | 230 [178–314] | < 0.001 |
 CPB time (min) | 106 [83–142] | 138 [100–182] | < 0.001 |
 Crossclamp time (min) | 69 [53–95] | 87 [67–115] | < 0.001 |
30-DAY OUTCOME | |||
 30-day mortality | 22 (8.0%) | 26 (17.7%) | 0.003 |
 Myocardial infarction | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.663 |
 New pacemaker * | 20 (7.3%) | 23 (15.5%) | 0.007 |
 New postoperative cerebrovascular events | 11 (4.0%) | 13 (8.8%) | 0.042 |
 Postoperative AKI | 91 (33.1%) | 67 (45.6%) | 0.012 |
 Re-exploration for bleeding | 43 (15.7%) | 28 (18.9%) | 0.398 |
 Tracheostomy | 33 (12.0%) | 26 (17.7%) | 0.108 |
 Time of ventilation (h) | 19.8 [12.0–68.9] | 26.6 [12.3–117.6] | 0.118 |
 ICU stay (d) | 4.0 [2.0–8.0] | 5.0 [2.0–10.0] | 0.103 |
 Hospital stay (d) | 12.0 [9.0–17.0] | 12.0 [9.0–17.0] | 0.992 |
1-YEAR OUTCOME | |||
 1-year mortality | 35 (22.3%) | 18 (20.9%) | 0.806 |
 Re-admission to hospital | 86 (58.5%) | 44 (55.0%) | 0.610 |
 Relapse of endocarditis | 10 (6.9%) | 4 (5.3%) | 0.631 |
 AKI during follow-up | 23 (15.9%) | 14 (18.2%) | 0.659 |