Demographics | |
Age, years | 46 ± 13 |
Male, n (%) | 175 (44) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
Chinese | 358 (90) |
Indian | 11 (3) |
Malay | 19 (5) |
Others | 12 (3) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ± 4 |
BSA (m2) | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
Waist circumference (m) | 83 ± 11 |
Hip circumference (m) | 96 ± 10 |
Alcohol history, n (%) | 152 (38) |
Smoking history, n (%) | 32 (8) |
Income, n (%) | |
< $3000 | 155 (40) |
$3000–4999 | 109 (28) |
> $5000 | 121 (31) |
Occupation, n (%) | |
Involving manual labour | 28 (7) |
Not involving manual labour | 290 (74) |
Not working | 74 (19) |
At least university education, n (%) | 206 (52) |
Married, n (%) | 266 (67) |
Questionnaire | |
Exercise per week (min) (median and inter-quartile range) | 45 (30,60) |
Servings of vegetable a day | 1.9 ± 0.9 |
Servings of fruits a day | 1.4 ± 0.9 |
Cups of coffee a day | 1.5 ± 0.9 |
Blood investigations | |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.6 ± 1.5 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 69 ± 16 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.5 |
High-density Lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.49 ± 0.34 |
Low-density Lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 3.37 ± 0.8) |
Electrocardiogram | |
PR (ms) | 160 ± 22 |
QRS (ms) | 89 ± 11 |
QTc (ms) | 424 ± 22 |
Vitals monitoring | |
24 h Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116 ± 13 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 ± 18 |
Systolic blood pressure dipping (mmHg) | 9 ± 6 |
24 h Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 ± 9 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 13 |
Diastolic blood pressure dipping (mmHg) | 11 ± 7 |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 88 ± 9 |
Mean arterial pressure dipping (mmHg) | 9 ± 7 |
Mean heart rate (bpm) | 72 ± 8 |
Mean pulse pressure (mmHg) | 43 ± 7 |
Calcium score (Agatston units) | 39 (238) |
Cardiac MRI | |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 63 ± 6 |
Left ventricular end diastolic volume index (ml/m2) | 71 ± 12 |
Left ventricular end systolic volume index (ml/m2) | 27 ± 7 |
Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 43 ± 13 |