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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included on dairy foods and CVD

From: The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Author

Study, continent

Age

(years)

Subjects

Sex

Quality

Follow-up (years)

Outcome (cases)

CVD

Method of measurement (vitamin D)

Lee, 2014 [39]

European Male Ageing Study (EMAS), Europe

60

2452

Male

High

4.3

72

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Formiga, 2014 [40]

The Octabaix Study, Europe

85

312

Both

Moderate

2.8

25

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Perna, 2013 [41]

ESTHER Study, Europe

50–74

7709

Both

High

6.5

1011

DiaSorin-Liason (Diasorin, Inc) and the IDS-iSYS (Immunodiagnostic Systems GmbH) immunoassayes

Kühn, 2013 [42]

The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Europe

50.6

2132

Both

High

7.7

1030

MassChrom reagent kit

Scho¨ttker, 2013 [43]

ESTHER study, Europe

50–74

9578

Both

High

9.5

350

Diasorin-Liaison analyzer

Bajaj, 2013 [44]

Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS),

American

>  65

2990

Male

Moderate

5.9

740

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Liu, 2012 [45]

Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII),

American

≥ 35

13,134

Both

Moderate

8

1451

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Kritchevsky, 2012 [46]

the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study (Health ABC) study,

American

74.7

2638

Both

High

8.5

228

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Messenger, 2012 [47]

Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study,

American

76.4

813

Male

High

4.4

140

Mass spectrometry (MS)

Welsh, 2012 [48]

The MIDSPAN Family Study,

American

30–59

1522

Both

High

14.4

297

Mass spectrometry (MS)

Kestenbaum, 2011 [49]

The CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study),

American

≥ 65

2312

Both

High

14

389

Mass spectrometry (MS)

Eaton, 2011 [50]

Women’s Health Initiative (WHI),

American

50–79

2429

Female

High

10

79

Radioimmunoassay

Anderson, 2010 [51]

Intermountain Heart Collaborative (IHC),

American

55

27,686

Both

Moderate

1.3

1193

Chemiluminescent immunoassay

Bolland, 2010 [18]

Healthy postmenopausal women,

Others

74

1471

Female

High

5

63

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Cawthon, 2010 [52]

Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study,

American

≥ 65

1594

Male

High

7.3

110

Mass spectrometry (MS)

Virtanen, 2010 [53]

The KIHD study,

Europe

53–73

1136

Both

High

9.1

35

An HPLC using diode array detector

Michae¨lsson, 2010 [54]

The Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM),

Europe

71

1194

Male

High

12.7

196

Mass spectrometry (MS)

Jassal, 2010 [21]

The Rancho Bernardo Study,

American

76

1073

Both

High

6.8

111

Competitive binding protein recognition and chemiluminescence detection

Hutchinson, 2010 [55]

the fourth Tromsø study, Europe

58.9

7161

Both

High

11.7

325

Immunometry (ECLIA) using an automated

clinical chemistry analyzer

Ginde, 2009 [56]

National Center for Health Statistics conducted the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III),

American

≥ 65

3408

Both

High

7.3

767

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Pilz, 2009 [57]

The Hoorn Study Europe

50–75

614

Both

High

6.2

20

Means of a competitive binding protein assay

Semba, 2009 [58]

Invecchiare in Chianti, “Aging in the Chianti Area” (InCHIANTI) study, Europe

≥ 65

1006

Both

Moderate

6.5

107

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Dobnig, 2008 [19]

The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study, Europe

62

737

Both

Moderate

7.7

463

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Melamed, 2008 [59]

Third NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII),

American

≥ 20

1331

Both

Moderate

8.7

777

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Wang, 2008 [60]

The Framingham Offspring cohort, American

59

1739

Both

High

5.4

120

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)