Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of HF Population Stratified by LVEF
Characteristic | HFrEF (n = 211) | HFmrEF (n = 201) | HFpEF (n = 343) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics, n (%) | ||||
 Female | 67 (31.8%)# | 68 (33.8%)# | 179 (52.2%)* | < 0.001 |
 Age (y) | 62 (50–70)# | 66 (58–75)* | 71 (61–77)* | < 0.001 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 23.14 (20.96–25.95) | 24.43 (21.75–26.65) | 24.03 (21.30–26.72) | 0.109 |
 Married | 192 (91.0%)# | 178 (88.6%)# | 268 (78.1%)* | < 0.001 |
 Non-solitary | 196 (92.9%) | 188 (93.5%) | 312 (91.0%) | 0.505 |
 Medication insurance | 183 (86.7%) | 168 (83.6%) | 295 (86.0%) | 0.63 |
 Educated | 144 (68.2%)# | 125 (62.2%) | 198 (57.7%)* | 0.046 |
 MoCA | 22.81 (19–28) | 22.24 (18–27) | 21.48 (17–27) | 0.058 |
Clinical findings, n (%) | ||||
 Pulse (bpm) | 80 (68–90)# | 74 (64–83.5)* | 75 (68–84)* | 0.004 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 115 (105–130)# | 130 (110–140)* | 130 (118–140)* | < 0.001 |
 NYHA (III-IV) | 158 (74.9%)# | 121 (60.2%)* | 176 (51.3%)* | < 0.001 |
 JVP (>6cmH2O) | 91 (43.1%a# | 73 (36.3%)# | 86 (25.1%)* | < 0.001 |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 90 (42.7%)# | 123 (61.2%)* | 207 (60.3%)* | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes Mellitus | 43 (20.4%) | 44 (21.9%) | 70 (20.4%) | 0.905 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 57 (27.0%) | 58 (28.9%) | 124 (36.2%) | 0.049 |
 COPD | 11 (5.2%) | 18 (9.0%) | 37 (10.8%) | 0.078 |
 CKD | 17 (8.1%) | 12 (6.0%) | 21 (6.1%) | 0.613 |
 Stroke | 27 (12.8%) | 32 (15.9%) | 55 (16.0%) | 0.545 |
 Prior MI | 35 (16.6%) | 55 (27.4%)*# | 53 (15.5%) | 0.002 |
 Tobacco use | 92 (43.6%)# | 93 (46.3%)# | 99 (28.9%)* | < 0.001 |
 Family history of HF | 12 (5.7%) | 7 (3.5%) | 10 (2.9%) | 0.245 |
 Family history of CAD | 14 (6.6%) | 19 (9.5%) | 27 (7.9%) | 0.571 |
 Cardiac Surgery | 10 (4.7%) | 15 (7.5%) | 25 (7.3%) | 0.431 |
 Devices | 20 (9.5%)# | 8 (4.0%) | 14 (4.1%)* | 0.014 |
 Angioplasty or stent implantation | 23 (10.9%) | 45 (22.4%)*# | 48 (14.0%) | 0.003 |
 Cardiac hospitalization | 128 (60.7%)# | 109 (54.2%)# | 126 (36.7%)* | < 0.001 |
Etiology,n (%) | ||||
 Ischemic heart disease | 90 (42.7%) | 119 (59.2%)* | 174 (50.7%) | 0.004 |
 Hypertensive heart disease | 10 (4.7%)# | 25 (12.4%)*# | 76 (22.2%)* | < 0.001 |
 Dilated cardiomyopathy | 79 (37.4%)# | 25 (12.4%)*# | 16 (4.7%)* | < 0.001 |
 Congenital heart disease | 3 (1.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 6 (1.7%) | 0.514 |
 Others | 29 (13.7%) | 31 (15.4%) | 71 (20.7%) | 0.077 |
Medication status, n (%) | ||||
 Beta- blockers | 133 (63.0%) | 140 (69.7%) | 205 (59.8%) | 0.069 |
 On target dose of beta blockers | 10 (4.7%) | 6 (3.0%) | 11 (3.2%) | 0.558 |
 On target heart rate | 54 (25.6%) | 63 (31.3%) | 105 (30.6%) | 0.353 |
 On target dose or target heart rate | 60 (28.4%) | 68 (33.8%) | 111 (32.4%) | 0.465 |
 ACEIs/ARBs | 152 (72.0%) | 154 (76.6%)# | 216 (63.0%) | 0.002 |
 On target dose of ACEIs/ARBs | 31 (14.7%)# | 35 (17.4%)* | 30 (8.7%)* | 0.008 |
 MRAs | 160 (75.8%)# | 128 (63.7%)*# | 159 (46.4%)* | < 0.001 |
 Diuretics | 165 (78.2%)# | 143 (71.1%)# | 179 (52.2%)* | < 0.001 |
 Nitrate | 67 (31.8%) | 76 (37.8%) | 114 (33.2%) | 0.394 |
 Antiplatelet drugs | 129 (61.1%) | 150 (74.6%)*# | 220 (64.1%) | 0.009 |
 Anticoagulants | 19 (9.0%) | 25 (12.4%) | 43 (12.5%) | 0.402 |
 Digoxin | 98 (46.4%)# | 62 (30.8%)*# | 49 (14.3%)* | < 0.001 |