From: Determinants of systemic hypertension in older adults in Africa: a systematic review
No. | Country | Reference | Significant harmful (higher HTN) variables in crude analysis | Significant protective (lower HTN) variables in crude analysis | NS variables in crude analysis | Harmful Determinants of (higher) HTN | Determinants of lower HTN | NS variables in multivariate model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nigeria | Abegunde 2013 [24] | Â | Â | Â | Female gender, decreasing monthly income, increasing BMI | Â | alcohol intake |
2 | Ghana | Boateng 2017 [21] | Â | Â | Â | For systolic stage 1 or 2 HTN: increasing BMI category, alcohol intake, higher wealth index, female sex | traditional religion, | Place of residence, depression or ethnicity for stage 1 or 2 SHTN; religion not significantly associated with stage 1 SHTN. |
3 | Ghana | Boateng 2017 [21] | Â | Â | Â | For diastolic stage 1 or 2 HTN: increasing BMI category, higher wealth index | traditional religion, other religion | Place of residence, depression or ethnicity for stage 1 or 2 DHTN; religion except traditional or other religion not significantly associated with stage of DHTN. |
4 | Tanzania | Dewhurst 2013 [25] |  |  |  | BMI (continuous variable), female sex, older age group ≥85 years, Chagga tribal origin, upland village dwelling |  | Presence of (moderate or severe) disability (by Barthel Index Score); age groups 75–79 and 80–84 years |
5 | Tunisia | Hammami 2011 [26] | Females, Older age group, dependency, self-reported diabetes, overweight, abdominal obesity | Â | Education, urban-rural residence, depression, marital status, physical activity | Diabetes, BMI, Dependency (disability) | Â | age, sex, marital status, region, educational level, physical activity, depression |
6 | Ghana | Lloyd-Sherlock 2014 [18] | Â | Â | Â | older age group, female sex, increasing BMI, smoker | no education, alcohol consumption, rural residence | physical activity, wealth quintile, health insurance |
7 | South Africa | Lloyd-Sherlock 2014 [18] | Â | Â | Â | older age group, female sex, increasing BMI | tertiary educational level, alcohol consumption | smoking, residence, wealth quintile, health insurance |
8 | Ghana | Lloyd-Sherlock 2017 [19] |  |  |  | older age group (65–69 years), female sex, richer quintiles | no education, rural residence | Nil |
9 | South Africa | Lloyd-Sherlock 2017 [19] | Â | Â | Â | older age group (75+ years), female sex, richest quintile | Higher (tertiary) educational level | urban-rural residence |
10 | Senegal | Macia 2012 [30] | Older age, higher BMI |  | Sex, educational level, marital status, doctor visits in the previous years | Older age group; overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) |  | Sex, educational level, marital status |
11 | Kenya | Mathenge 2010 [31] | Urban residence, Kikuyu tribe | Â | Â | Urban residence, Kikuyu tribe | Â | Adjusted for age, sex, SES quartile, BMI, WHR, smoking status, alcohol use, diabetes (by measurement), cholesterol |
12 | Ghana | Minicuci 2014 [22] | Older age, marital status, ethnicity, residence, wealth quintile |  | sex | older age, urban residence, overweight/obesity | underweight BMI < 18.5; Upper East and Upper West regions | sex, educational level, administrative regions except Upper East and Upper West |
13 | Ghana | Nuertey 2017 [34] | overweight/obesity | Â | Â | overweight/obesity | Â | Model adjusted for sex, religion, region of residence, ethnicity, marital status, education, social class, use of eye glasses, diabetes, arthritis, previous surgeries, mean arterial pressure, smoking status, hearing loss, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, coronary risk ratio |
14 | South Africa | Peltzer 2013 [23] | Females, Older age (60–69-year group), coloured race; self-reported conditions (diabetes, stroke, arthritis), overall self-reported health status (moderate), being overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2); having had ≥5 outpatient visits in past 12 months; overweight, severe dependency | alcohol use in past month; underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | marital status, educational level, wealth, urban-rural residence, physical activity, daily tobacco use, fruit and vegetable intake, social cohesion index | Coloured race, self-reported history of stroke, frequent outpatient visits in the past 12 months | alcohol use in past month | Age, sex, marital status, past medical history of diabetes, subject health status, activity limitation (dependency) |
15 | CAR, Congo | Pilleron 2017 [36] | Female sex, increasing age, living in Republic of Congo, urban residence, previous occupation as craftsman/storekeeper or being jobless, increasing BMI, high cholesterol, eating 3 or more meals daily | current smoker, high physical activity ≥150 min/wk | marital status, primary education, diabetes by measurement, alcohol intake | increasing age, living in Congo, previous occupation as craftsman/storekeeper or being jobless, increasing BMI, eating 3 or more meals daily | current or ex-smoker, high physical activity ≥150 min/wk | sex, rural-urban residence, primary education, cholesterol level, diabetes, alcohol consumption |
16 | Nigeria | Raji 2017 [37] | female sex, unmarried, urban residence, never smoked, never drank alcohol, overweight/obesity | Â | older age, educational level, socioeconomic class, self-reported diabetes, history of transient ischaemic attack, diagnosis of lifetime depression | high educational level, urban or semi-urban residence, overweight/obesity | female sex, currently unmarried | older age, high SES, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, absence of self-reported diabetes |
17 | Uganda | Scholten 2011 [38] | Â | Â | Â | Older age, urban residence | HIV infection (on or not on ART) | sex, marital status, education |
18 | Cameroon | Tianyi 2017 [39] | overweight/obesity | occupational level (≥medium) | age, sex, marital status, illiteracy, occupational level | overweight/obesity |  | age, sex, marital status, illiteracy, occupational level |
19 | Ghana | Tyrovolas 2015 [20] |  |  |  | higher BMI categories, self-reported diabetes, self-reported stroke, higher fruit intake | underweight BMI < 18.5 | Alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, vegetable intake, education, wealth. Adjusted for age, sex and marital status. |
20 | South Africa | Tyrovolas 2015 [20] | Â | Â | Â | higher BMI categories, alcohol intake, ex-smoker, low physical activity, self-reported stroke, higher vegetable intake | heavy alcohol user, low level physical activity, secondary level of education | Self-reported diabetes, fruit intake, wealth. Adjusted for age, sex and marital status. |