Fig. 2

Pulse-wave Doppler showing transmitral flow wave in each rhythm. Normal mitral valve E and A waves were observed in sinus rhythm, whereas only mitral valve A wave could be observed during sinus rhythm and ventricular fibrillation (sinus + VF). During atrial and ventricular fibrillation (AF + VF), no obvious E or A waves were observed; however, small fibrillating waves were detected. Abbreviations: AF: atrial fibrillation, VF: ventricular fibrillation