Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study population

Age in years, mean, SD

75.74 ± 7.10

73.15 ± 6.79

73.99 ± 6.99

68.83 ± 13.11

68.31 ± 10.80

68.50 ± 11.73

RAPA, mean, SD

4.4 ± 1.62

5.01 ± 1.54

4.82 ± 1.59

4.61 ± 1.55

5.02 ± 1.58

4.87 ± 1.58

Active (RAPA 6–7 points), n, (%)

151 (37.1%)

430 (51.0%)

581(46.5%)

137 (38.7%)

299 (51.6%)

436 (46.7%)

Suboptimal (RAPA 4–5 points), n, (%)

97 (23.8%)

205 (24.3%)

302 (24.2%)

97 (27.4%)

132 (22.8%)

229 (24.5%)

Underactive (RAPA≤3 points), n, (%)

129 (31.8%)

172 (20.4%)

301 (24.1%)

98 (27.7%)

127 (21.9%)

225 (24.1%)

Missing, n, (%)

30 (7.4%)

36 (4.3%)

66 (5.3%)

22 (6.2%)

22 (3.8%)

44 (4.7%)

PHQ-9, mean, SD

2.67 ± 3.35

1.78 ± 3.08

2.05 ± 3.19

4.23 ± 4.48

2.57 ± 3.49

3.18 ± 3.96

No symptoms of depression (0–4), n, (%)

298 (73.2%)

719 (85.3%)

1017 (81.4%)

208 (58.8%)

445 (76.7%)

653 (69.9%)

Mild symptoms of depression (5–9), n, (%)

64 (15.7%)

77 (9.1%)

141 (11.3%)

93 (26.3%)

84 (14.5%)

177 (19.0%)

Moderate symptoms of depression (10–14), n, (%)

13 (3.2%)

22 (2.6%)

35 (2.8%)

26 (7.3%)

25 (4.3%)

51 (5.5%)

Moderately severe symptoms of depression (15–19), n, (%)

7 (1.7%)

3 (0.4%)

10 (0.8%)

10 (2.8%)

4 (0.7%)

14 (1.5%)

Severe symptoms of depression (20–27), n, (%)

0

4 (0.5%)

4 (0.3%)

4 (1.1%)

2 (0.3%)

6 (0.6%)

Missing, n, (%)

25 (6.1%)

18 (2.1%)

43 (3.4%)

13 (3.7%)

20 (3.4%)

33 (3.5%)

PAM, mean, SD

35.31 ± 8.47

36.70 ± 8.55

36.27 ± 8.5

36.41 ± 7.59

38.45 ± 7.56

37.68 ± 7.63

Missing, n, (%)

28 (7.4%)

12 (1.4%)

40 (3.3%)

14 (4.1%)

14 (2.5%)

28 (3.1%)

 YES, n, (%)

23 (5.9%)

87 (10.5%)

91.2 (8.8%)

52 (15.2%)

77 (13.6%)

129 (13.8%)

 NO, n, (%)

366 (94.1%)

471 (89.5%)

1107 (89.5%)

291 (84.8%)

490 (86.4%)

781 (86.2%)

Missing, n, (%)

18 (4.4%)

15 (1.8%)

33 (2.7%)

11 (3.1%)

13 (2.2%)

24 (2.5%)