Table 5 Prevalence Ratios for the Determinants of Hyperpolypharmacy
Variable | Univariate Model | Multivariable Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | P-value | PR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.84 (0.62–1.14) | 0.26 | 0.83 (0.63–1.11) | 0.21 |
Women | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 0.07 | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 0.23 |
Race | ||||
White | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
Black | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 0.81 | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | 0.91 |
Other | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 0.03 | 0.59 (0.38–0.91) | 0.02 |
Primary Payer | ||||
Medicare without Medicaid | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
Medicaid without Medicare | 1.03 (0.60–1.76) | 0.91 | 0.76 (0.48–1.21) | 0.25 |
Dual Medicare and Medicaid | 1.03 (0.67–1.59) | 0.88 | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.37 |
Other insurance | 0.76 (0.39–1.48) | 0.42 | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) | 0.55 |
Uninsured | 0.40 (0.15–1.12) | 0.08 | 0.66 (0.25–1.73) | 0.40 |
Education, High school or below | 1.95 (1.12–3.38) | 0.02 | 1.74 (1.01–2.99) | 0.04 |
Household Income | ||||
≥$75,000 | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
$35,000–$74,000 | 1.40 (0.80–2.45) | 0.24 | 1.52 (0.89–2.59) | 0.12 |
$20,000–$34,000 | 1.48 (0.85–2.65) | 0.17 | 1.42 (0.86–2.35) | 0.16 |
<$20,000 | 1.65 (1.00–2.70) | 0.05 | 1.70 (1.01–2.85) | 0.04 |
Not Married | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 0.38 | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.32 |
Lives alone | 0.89 (0.66–1.19) | 0.43 | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) | 0.81 |
Count of comorbidities | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | <0.001 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
Past | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 0.39 | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 0.80 |
Current | 0.78 (0.42–1.46) | 0.44 | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 0.16 |
Change in self-reported health | ||||
Better | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
Same | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.39 | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 0.64 |
Worse | 1.14 (0.76–1.70) | 0.53 | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | 0.80 |
Cognitive impairment | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 0.52 | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 0.57 |
Functional impairment | 1.46 (1.03–2.06) | 0.04 | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) | 0.90 |
Number of contacts with ambulatory healthcare services, past year | ||||
0–3 | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
4–9 | 2.78 (1.52–5.08) | 0.001 | 2.20 (1.23–3.96) | 0.01 |
>10 | 4.31 (2.50–7.42) | <0.001 | 3.01 (1.73–5.21) | <0.001 |
Number of hospitalizations, past year | ||||
<3 | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
≥3 | 2.35 (1.75–3.14) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.27–2.30) | 0.001 |
Cycle Year | ||||
2003–2004 | Referent Group | Referent Group | ||
2005–2006 | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) | 0.58 | 0.81 (0.50–1.33) | 0.41 |
2007–2008 | 1.15 (0.66–2.00) | 0.63 | 1.16 (0.67–2.01) | 0.60 |
2009–2010 | 1.12 (1.72–1.76) | 0.63 | 1.16 (0.79–1.71) | 0.44 |
2011–2012 | 1.13 (0.74–1.73) | 0.57 | 1.16 (0.83–1.63) | 0.38 |
2013–2014 | 1.27 (0.70–2.31) | 0.42 | 1.35 (0.88–2.06) | 0.16 |