Table 1 Baseline characteristics of dabigatran users, rivaroxaban users and apixaban users
Patient characteristics | Dabigatran N = 14,864 | Rivaroxaban N = 16,005 | Apixaban N = 8078 |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||
Age, N (%) | |||
< 65 | 7322 (49.3) | 7563 (47.2) | 3388 (41.9) |
65- < 70 | 1613 (11.0) | 1801 (11.2) | 892 (11.0) |
70- < 75 | 1640 (11.0) | 1842 (11.5) | 871 (10.8) |
75- < 80 | 1659 (11.2) | 1745 (10.9) | 948 (11.7) |
80- < 85 | 1480 (10.0) | 1609 (10.0) | 959 (11.9) |
≥ 85 | 1131 (7.6) | 1445 (9.0) | 1020 (12.6) |
Sex, N (%) | |||
Male | 9126 (61.4) | 9507 (59.4) | 4579 (56.7) |
Female | 5738 (38.6) | 6498 (40.6) | 3499 (43.3) |
Region | |||
Northeast | 3291 (22.1) | 3250 (20.3) | 1554 (19.2) |
North Central | 3972 (26.7) | 4622 (28.9) | 2305 (28.5) |
South | 5259 (35.4) | 5820 (36.4) | 3301 (40.9) |
West | 2054 (13.8) | 2096 (13.1) | 838 (10.4) |
Unknown | 288 (1.9) | 217 (1.4) | 80 (1.0) |
Medical history, N (%) | |||
Diabetes w/ complication | 806 (5.4) | 1051 (6.6) | 628 (7.8) |
Diabetes w/o complication | 3688 (24.8) | 4148 (25.9) | 2134 (26.4) |
Hypertension | 10,517 (70.7) | 11,933 (74.6) | 6398 (79.2) |
Hyperlipidemia | 7798 (52.5) | 9230 (57.7) | 5037 (62.4) |
Heart failure | 2921 (19.6) | 3312 (20.7) | 1848 (22.9) |
Stroke | 657 (4.4) | 794 (5.0) | 506 (6.3) |
Myocardial infarction | 842 (5.7) | 997 (6.2) | 624 (7.7) |
Bleeding | 1209 (8.1) | 1355 (8.5) | 756 (9.4) |
Renal disease | 812 (5.5) | 1075 (6.7) | 819 (10.1) |
Liver disease | 473 (3.2) | 559 (3.5) | 308 (3.8) |
Dementia | 92 (0.6) | 165 (1.0) | 121 (1.5) |
Vascular disease | 5000 (33.6) | 5476 (34.2) | 3079 (38.1) |
COPD | 3120 (21.0) | 3664 (22.9) | 1936 (24.0) |
Rheumatic disease | 395 (2.7) | 476 (3.0) | 236 (2.9) |
Peptic ulcer disease | 80 (0.5) | 79 (0.5) | 47 (0.6) |
Cancer | 2109 (14.2) | 2358 (14.7) | 1328 (16.4) |
Metastatic cancer | 149 (1.0) | 161 (1.0) | 96 (1.2) |
Smoking | 1512 (10.2) | 1862 (11.6) | 1058 (13.1) |
CCI, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.9) | 1.7 (1.9) | 1.9 (2.1) |
CHA2DS2-VASc, mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.9) | 3.1 (2.0) | 3.4 (2.0) |
0–1 | 3654 (24.6) | 3766 (23.5) | 1495 (18.5) |
2 | 2779 (18.7) | 2977 (18.6) | 1478 (18.3) |
3 | 2585 (17.4) | 2744 (17.1) | 1386 (17.2) |
≥ 4 | 5846 (39.3) | 6518 (40.7) | 3719 (46.0) |
HAS-BLED, mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.2) |
0–1 | 6103 (41.1) | 6159 (38.5) | 2659 (32.9) |
2 | 5084 (34.2) | 5434 (33.9) | 2828 (35.0) |
3 | 2715 (18.3) | 3201 (20.0) | 1721 (21.3) |
≥ 4 | 962 (6.5) | 1211 (7.6) | 870 (10.8) |
Medication use, N (%) | |||
General | |||
Estrogen therapy | 692 (4.7) | 665 (4.1) | 382 (4.7) |
Histamine 2 antagonists | 491 (3.3) | 578 (3.6) | 347 (4.3) |
NSAID | 3180 (21.4) | 3676 (23.0) | 1818 (22.5) |
Proton pump inhibitors | 3249 (21.9) | 3803 (23.8) | 2089 (25.9) |
SSRI antidepressants | 1638 (11.0) | 1889 (11.8) | 993 (12.3) |
Cardiovascular | |||
ACE inhibitors | 4932 (33.2) | 5138 (32.1) | 2741 (33.9) |
ARBs | 3126 (21.0) | 3464 (21.6) | 1836 (22.7) |
Antiarrhymics | 4334 (29.2) | 4406 (27.5) | 2276 (28.2) |
Other anticoagulants | 135 (0.9) | 103 (0.6) | 42 (0.5) |
Antiplatelet | 1735 (11.7) | 1761 (11.0) | 1060 (13.1) |
Beta-blocker | 5031 (33.8) | 5268 (32.9) | 2761 (34.2) |
Calcium channel blocker | 6244 (42.0) | 6867 (42.9) | 3567 (44.2) |
Digoxin | 2053 (13.8) | 1832 (11.4) | 823 (10.2) |
Diuretics | |||
Loop | 2765 (18.6) | 2979 (18.6) | 1697 (21.0) |
Potassium sparing | 1166 (7.8) | 1198 (7.5) | 632 (7.8) |
Thiazide and other | 4216 (28.4) | 4489 (28.0) | 2347 (29.0) |
Nitrates | 1044 (7.0) | 1085 (6.8) | 666 (8.2) |
Statins | 7129 (48.0) | 7714 (48.2) | 4111 (50.9) |
Fibrates | 649 (4.4) | 678 (4.2) | 315 (3.9) |
Other antihyperlipidemic | 1313 (8.8) | 1135 (7.1) | 554 (6.9) |
Diabetes related | |||
Insulin | 780 (5.2) | 844 (5.3) | 439 (5.4) |
Metformin | 2011 (13.5) | 2275 (14.2) | 1125 (13.9) |
Sulfonylurea | 1044 (7.0) | 1071 (6.7) | 560 (6.9) |
Other | 1271 (8.5) | 1278 (8.0) | 704 (8.7) |
Metabolic inhibitors | |||
Amiodarone | 1570 (10.6) | 1780 (11.1) | 969 (12.0) |
Dronedarone | 1345 (9.0) | 900 (5.6) | 496 (6.1) |
Azole antifungals | 2313 (15.6) | 2569 (16.0) | 1361 (16.8) |
Verapamil | 386 (2.6) | 365 (2.3) | 180 (2.2) |
Diltiazem | 3372 (22.7) | 3786 (23.7) | 1922 (23.8) |
Metabolic inducers | |||
Carbamazepine | 31 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) |
Phenytoin | 37 (0.3) | 29 (0.2) | 14 (0.2) |
Phenobarbital | 13 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) |
Prescriber specialty | |||
Internal medicine | 2273 (15.3) | 2554 (16.0) | 1107 (13.7) |
Family practice | 1526 (10.3) | 1795 (11.2) | 1006 (12.4) |
Geriatric medicine | 10 (0.1) | 16 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) |
Cardiology | 5666 (38.1) | 5912 (36.9) | 2965 (36.7) |
Critical care medicine | 10 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) |
Hematology | 10 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) |
Oncology | 7 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) |
Healthcare utilization | |||
Outpatient visits, N (%) | |||
≤ 9 | 4489 (30.2) | 4794 (29.9) | 2075 (25.7) |
> 9–16 | 4009 (27.0) | 4149 (25.9) | 2191 (27.1) |
> 16–29 | 3826 (25.7) | 4214 (26.3) | 2222 (27.5) |
> 29 | 2540 (17.1) | 2848 (17.8) | 1590 (19.7) |
Inpatient visits, mean (SD) | 0.67 (1.71) | 0.64 (0.69) | 0.61 (0.71) |
Emergency visits, mean (SD) | 0.51 (1.03) | 0.60 (1.21) | 0.65 (1.18) |
Number of Rx, N (%) | |||
≤ 12 | 3373 (22.7) | 3637 (22.7) | 1774 (22.0) |
> 12–18 | 3943 (26.5) | 4113 (25.7) | 2115 (26.2) |
> 18–25 | 3897 (26.2) | 4221 (26.4) | 2189 (27.1) |
> 25 | 3651 (24.6) | 4034 (25.2) | 2000 (24.8) |
Plan type | |||
HMO | 1597 (11.3) | 1803 (11.5) | 845 (10.7) |
Non-HMO | 13,267 (88.7) | 14,202 (88.5) | 7233 (89.3) |
Number of first day supply | |||
≤ 30 days | 12,967 (87.2) | 14,046 (87.8) | 6776 (83.9) |
> 30 days | 1897 (12.8) | 1959 (12.2) | 1302 (16.1) |
First fill method | |||
Via retail pharmacy | 12,844 (89.2) | 14,633 (92.8) | 7127 (89.5) |
Via mail | 1555 (10.8) | 1135 (7.2) | 838 (10.5) |
Enrollment period | |||
6 months continuous | 13,877 (93.4) | 14,090 (88.0) | 6438 (79.7) |
9 months continuous | 12,866 (86.6) | 12,112 (75.7) | 4943 (61.2) |
12 months continuous | 11,689 (78.6) | 10,195 (63.7) | 3500 (43.3) |