Study | Country | Age (mean ± SD) | Gender (% male) | Follow up (years) | Popula- tion | Samp- le size | TMAOa (μmol/L) | TMAO type | Fast- ing | Quantification of TMAO | Collection time | HR (95% CI) | Outcomes | Model charac- ter | Adjust- ed | NOS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selecti- on | Compar-ability | Outco-me | Total stars | ||||||||||||||||
Tang WH 2013 [5] | USA | 63 ± 11 | 64 | 3 | Chronic CHD | 4007 | 3.7 (2.4–6.2) | plasma | + | LC/MS/MS | Time of cardiac catheterize- tion | 1.30 (1.20–1.4, P < 0.001) | MACE | Per SD | +b | *** | * | *** | 7 |
Lever M 2014 D [6] | New Zealand | 74 ± 6.7 | 73 | 4.8 | ACS | 74 | 7.5 (4.4–12.1) | plasma | – | HPLC-MS/MS | Fourth-month post-discharge outpatient clinic visit | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) | All cardiovascul- ar events | Tertile | – | *** | * | ** | 6 |
Lever M 2014 UD [6] | New Zealand | 68 ± 6.3 | 73 | 5.0 | ACS | 381 | 4.8 (3.0–9.1) | plasma | – | 2.7 (1.6–4.8) | Death | Tertile | – | **** | * | ** | 7 | ||
Senthong V 2016 [7] | USA | 63 ± 11 | 71 | 5 | Chronic CHD | 2235 | 3.8 (2.5–6.5) | plasma | + | LC/MS/MS | Time of cardiac catheterize- tion, immediately prior to heparin injection and catheterizetion procedure | 1.71 (1.11–2.61, P < 0.0138) | All-cause mortality | Quartile | +c | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
Suzuki T 2017 [8] | UK | 67 ± 3.3 | 70 | 2 | ACS | 1079 | 3.7 (4.6–6.4) | plasma | – | LC-ToF-MRM | Days 1, 3 and 5 after admission | 1.40 (1.26–1.55, P < 0.0005) | Death/MI | Per SD | – | **** | ** | *** | 9 |
CC Li XS 2017 [9] | USA | 62.4± 13.9 | 57.5 | 7 | ACS | 530 | 4.28 (2.55–7.91) | plasma | – | LC/MS/MS | On presentation to the emergency room (baseline) and 4, 8 and 16 h later | 1.81 (1.04–3.15, P < 0.05) | All-cause mortality | Quartile | +d | **** | * | *** | 8 |
SC Li XS 2017 [9] | Swiss Confede-ration | 63.9± 12.4 | 77.8 | 1 | ACS | 1683 | 2.87 (1.94–4.85) | plasma | – | Average time from the onset of chest pain to blood draw was 4.0 h | 1.57 (1.03–2.41, P < 0.05) | MACE | Quartile | +e | *** | * | *** | 7 | |
Xu K-Z 2018 [10] | China | 67.4± 12.8 | 44 | in- hospital | ACS | 200 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | plasma | – | HPLC-MS/MS | At hospital admission or the next morning in fasting state | OR: 6.01 (2.03–17.73, P < 0.05) | MACE | Quartile | +e | *** | ** | *** | 8 |
Matsuzawa Y 2019 [11] | Japan | 63.0± 2.5 | 88.0 | 5.4 | ACS | 112 | 5.63 (3.20–10.38) | plasma | – | LC-MS | At hospital admission before primary percutaneous coronary intervention | 1.72 (0.63–4.92, P = 0.29) | cardiovascul- ar events | Above vs. below | +f | *** | ** | *** | 8 |