SRs | CVD death | Fatal and non-fatal CVD event | Adverse events | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
physical | psychological | social | |||
Brindle 2006 [16] | – | – | – | – | – |
Sheridan 2008 [17] | – | – | – | Psychological symptoms after labelling: Mixed: 1 study; No difference: 4 studies | – |
Sheridan 2010 [18] | – | – | – | – | – |
Waldron 2011 [35] | – | – | – | – | – |
van Dieren 2012 [36] | – | – | – | – | – |
Willis 2012 [19] | Reduction: 1 study (CVD deaths −4,7%, statistical significance not reported) No difference: 1 study (CHD deaths −7,4%, p > 0.05) | – | – | – | – |
Usher-Smith 2015 [37] | – | – | – | Psychological well-being: No difference: 3 studies Psychological well-being in high CVD risk group: Improvement: 1 study Anxiety: No difference: 2 studies Anxiety in high CVD risk group: Reduction: 1 study Worry about future risk of heart attacks: No difference:1 study | – |
Tomasik 2017 [38] | – | – | – | – | – |
Karmali 2017 [39] | – | No difference: MA, 3 studies (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.08; I2 = 25%) | Adverse events defined by authors:a No difference: MA, 4 studies (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.04; I2 = 0%) | Anxiety: No difference: MA, 2 studies (SMD − 0,07, 95% CI -0,27 to 0,13; I2 = 0%); 1 study Psychological distress: No difference: 1 study | |
Health-related quality of lifeb: No difference: 1 study | |||||
Collins 2017 [40] | – | – | – | – | – |