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Table 2 Effect of TRA on CVD deaths, CVD events, and adverse events reported in 10 SRs (primary outcomes). [In case of meta-analysis (MA), the number of studies included and the results were presented; results of studies not included in the MA are shown below]

From: Effect of using cardiovascular risk scoring in routine risk assessment in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview of systematic reviews

SRs

CVD death

Fatal and non-fatal CVD event

Adverse events

physical

psychological

social

Brindle 2006 [16]

Sheridan 2008 [17]

Psychological symptoms after labelling:

Mixed: 1 study; No difference: 4 studies

Sheridan 2010 [18]

Waldron 2011 [35]

van Dieren 2012 [36]

Willis 2012 [19]

Reduction: 1 study

(CVD deaths −4,7%, statistical significance not reported)

No difference: 1 study (CHD deaths −7,4%, p > 0.05)

Usher-Smith 2015 [37]

Psychological well-being:

No difference: 3 studies

Psychological well-being in high CVD risk group:

Improvement: 1 study

Anxiety:

No difference: 2 studies

Anxiety in high CVD risk group:

Reduction: 1 study

Worry about future risk of heart attacks:

No difference:1 study

Tomasik 2017 [38]

Karmali 2017 [39]

No difference: MA, 3 studies (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.08; I2 = 25%)

Adverse events defined by authors:a

No difference: MA, 4 studies (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.04; I2 = 0%)

Anxiety:

No difference: MA, 2 studies (SMD − 0,07, 95% CI -0,27 to 0,13; I2 = 0%); 1 study

Psychological distress:

No difference: 1 study

 

Health-related quality of lifeb:

No difference: 1 study

Collins 2017 [40]

  1. aAnxiety inclusion unclear; bSubjective evaluation of either physical or mental health
  2. MA meta-analysis, NS non-significant, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD coronary heart disease, RR risk ratio, SMD standardised mean differences