Fig. 1From: Multi-arm multi-stage trials can improve the efficiency of finding effective treatments for stroke: a case studyIllustration of a multi-arm multi-stage design. Crosses represent the test statistic at each analysis for each of the experimental arms against control. The upper dashed line represents the efficacy boundary (with a treatment being recommended as superior to control if the test statistic is above this), and the lower dash-dotted line represents the futility boundary (with the treatment being stopped early for lack of benefit if the test statistic is below this)Back to article page