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Table 5 Predictors of hospitalization due to any cause using Cox regression analysis

From: Importance of iron deficiency in patients with chronic heart failure as a predictor of mortality and hospitalizations: insights from an observational cohort study

Variables

Univariate HR

P value

Multivariate HR

P value

Age (per 5 years)

1.17 (1.13–1.20)

< 0.001

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

0.001

Female sex

1.29 (1.12–1.45)

< 0.001

  

Hypertension

1.42 (1.22–1.65)

< 0.001

  

Diabetes Mellitus

1.46 (1.27–1.68)

< 0.001

1.23 (1.06–1.42)

0.006

COPD

1.56 (1.32–1.84)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.21–1.71)

< 0.001

HFPEF

1.40 (1.20–1.63)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.21–1.73)

< 0.001

Ischaemic aetiology

1.16 (1.01–1.33)

0.032

1.32 (1.14–1.54)

< 0.001

NYHA class III-IV

2.03 (1.77–2.34)

< 0.001

1.40 (1.20–1.64)

< 0.001

Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.522

  

Heart rate (per 10 bpm)

1.13 (1.08–1.19)

< 0.001

1.07 (1.02–1.12)

0.006

BMI (per 1 kg/m2)

0.99 (0.97–0.99)

0.033

  

ACE-I or ARB

0.50 (0.41–0.61)

< 0.001

0.80 (0.65–0.98)

0.030

Beta blockers

0.51 (0.43–0.62)

< 0.001

0.69 (0.57–0.86)

0.001

Diuretics

1.70 (1.36–2.12)

< 0.001

1.31 (1.04–1.65)

0.022

MRAs

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.488

  

Digoxin

1.01 (0.86–1.18)

0.940

  

ICD

0.88 (0.69–1.12)

0.284

  

Iron deficiency

1.21 (1.05–1.39)

0.007

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

0.857

Haemoglobin (per 1 g/dL)

0.85 (0.81–0.88)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

0.002

LogNT-proBNP (per 1 SD)

1.53 (1.42–1.64)

< 0.001

1.31 (1.20–1.42)

< 0.001

Sodium (per 5 mmol/L)

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

0.023

  

eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73m2)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

< 0.001

  
  1. HR Hazard Ratio, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, HFPEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, BP Blood pressure, bpm beats per minute, BMI Body mass index, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, MRAs Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Log Logarithmic transformation, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SD Standard deviation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
  2. We included the following variables in the multivariate analysis: Haemoglobin, sex, age, HFPEF, BMI, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, COPD, ischaemic aetiology, logNTproBNP, eGFR, serum sodium, systolic BP, heart rate, NYHA functional class III-IV and treatment with ACE-I/ARB, Beta-blockers and diuretics