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Table 4 Predictors of heart failure hospitalization using Cox regression analysis

From: Importance of iron deficiency in patients with chronic heart failure as a predictor of mortality and hospitalizations: insights from an observational cohort study

Variables

Univariate HR

P value

Multivariate HR

P value

Age (per 5 years)

1.23 (1.18–1.29)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.05–1.17)

< 0.001

Female sex

1.50 (1.25–1.83)

< 0.001

  

Hypertension

1.47 (1.19–1.81)

< 0.001

  

Diabetes Mellitus

1.46 (1.20–1.77)

< 0.001

1.26 (1.03–1.54)

0.026

COPD

1.76 (1.41–2.19)

< 0.001

1.63 (1.28–2.07)

< 0.001

HFPEF

1.60 (1.30–1.97)

< 0.001

1.67 (1.31–2.18)

< 0.001

Ischaemic aetiology

1.14 (0.95–1.38)

0.166

1.40 (1.12–1.73)

0.003

NYHA class III-IV

2.55 (2.10–3.09)

< 0.001

1.64 (1.33–2.03)

< 0.001

Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

0.123

  

Heart rate (per 10 bpm)

1.09 (1.03–1.16)

0.005

  

BMI (per 1 kg/m2)

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.21

  

ACE-I or ARB

0.47 (0.37–0.61)

< 0.001

  

Beta blockers

0.46 (0.36–0.58)

< 0.001

0.71 (0.54–0.93)

0.013

Diuretics

3.47 (2.28–5.28)

< 0.001

2.53 (1.64–3.91)

< 0.001

MRAs

1.10 (0.91–1.33)

0.327

  

Digoxin

1.13 (0.91–1.40)

0.263

  

ICD

0.91 (0.66–1.27)

0.581

  

Iron deficiency

1.21 (1.00–1.47)

0.047

0.96 (0.78–1.17)

0.677

Haemoglobin (per 1 g/dL)

0.84 (0.80–0.89)

< 0.001

  

Log NT-proBNP (per 1 SD)

2.00 (1.87–2.15)

< 0.001

1.49 (1.32–1.68)

< 0.001

Sodium (per 5 mmol/L)

0.93 (0.81–1.07)

0.328

  

eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73m2)

0.95 (0.93–0.97)

< 0.001

  
  1. HR Hazard Ratio, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, HFPEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, BP Blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, MRAs Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Log Logarithmic transformation, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SD Standard deviation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
  2. Variables introduced in the multivariate model were gender, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, BMI, ischaemic aeetiology, systolic blood pressure, COPD, HFPEF, heart rate, NYHA functional class III-IV, haemoglobin, logNT-proBNP, eGFR and treatment with ACE-i/ARBs, beta blockers, diuretics and MRAs