Importance of iron deficiency in patients with chronic heart failure as a predictor of mortality and hospitalizations: insights from an observational cohort study

Table 3 Predictors of mortality using cox regression analysis

Variables	Univariate HR	P value	Multivariate HR	P value
Age (per 5 years)	1.36 (1.30–1.42)	< 0.001	1.21 (1.16–1.27)	< 0.001
Female sex	1.08 (0.90–1.30)	0.39	0.65 (0.54–0.79)	< 0.001
Hypertension	1.35 (1.12–1.63)	0.002
Diabetes Mellitus	1.51 (1.27–1.80)	< 0.001	1.30 (1.08–1.55)	0.005
COPD	1.63 (1.33–1.99)	< 0.001
HFPEF	1.11 (0.90–1.36)	0.34
Ischaemic aetiology	1.09 (0.92–1.30)	0.33
NYHA class III-IV	3.14 (2.63–3.74)	< 0.001	1.85 (1.53–2.24)	< 0.001
Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg)	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	0.112
Heart rate (per 10 bpm)	1.09 (1.03–1.16)	0.004
BMI (1 kg/m²)	0.96 (0.95–0.98)	< 0.001
ACE-I or ARB	0.37 (0.29–0.46)	< 0.001	0.70 (0.55–0.89)	0.004
Beta blockers	0.41 (0.33–0.51)	< 0.001	0.59 (0.47–0.74)	< 0.001
Diuretics	2.46 (1.77–3.42)	< 0.001	1.66 (1.19–2.31)	0.005
MRAs	0.97 (0.82–1.16)	0.77
Digoxin	1.26 (1.05–1.52)	0.015
ICD	0.72 (0.52–0.98)	0.039
Iron deficiency	1.32 (1.11–1.57)	0.002	1.09 (0.91–1.31)	0.337
Haemoglobin (per 1 g/dL)	0.78 (0.75–0.82)	< 0.001	0.90 (0.85–0.95)	< 0.001
Log NT-proBNP (per 1 SD)	1.93 (1.76–2.11)	< 0.001	1.49 (1.34–1.66)	< 0.001
Sodium (per 5 mmol/L)	0.78 (0.69–0.88)	< 0.001	0.96 (0.94–0.99)	0.003
eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73m²)	0.89 (0.87–0.91)	< 0.001

HR Hazard Ratio, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, HFPEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, BP Blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, MRAs Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Log Logarithmic transformation, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SD Standard deviation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Variables introduced in the multivariate model were: Age, gender, ischaemic aetiology, systolic BP, HFPEF, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, COPD, BMI, NYHA functional class III-IV, haemoglobin, logNT-proBNP, eGFR, sodium, heart rate, treatment with beta blockers, ACE-i/ARBs, diuretics, digoxin and an ICD

ISSN: 1471-2261