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Table 1 Baseline characteristic of studies included in this meta-analysis

From: Association of sodium intake and major cardiovascular outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Study

Publication year

Country

Sample size

Age at baseline

Percentage male (%)

Assessment of exposure

Reference category of sodium intake

Reported outcomes

Follow-up (year)

Adjusted factors

NOS score

Alderman [31]

1995

US

2937

53.0

64.7

24 h urine collection

Quartile I

Stroke

3.5

Age, and race

7

Tunstall-Pedoe [32]

1997

Scotland

11,629

40.0–59.0

49.5

24 h urine collection

129.6 mmol/day

Cardiac death, total mortality

7.6

Age

8

He [33]

1999

US

9485

25.0–74.0

38.9

24 h urine collection

Quartile I

Cardiac death, stroke, stroke mortality, total mortality

19.0

Age, sex, race, SBP, SC, BMI, DM, diuretic use, PA, education, alcohol, smoking, EI

9

Tuomilehto [34]

2001

Finland

2436

25.0–64.0

48.2

24 h urine collection

< 159 mmol/day

Cardiac death, stroke, total mortality

8.0

Age, study year, smoking, HDL, SBP, and BMI

9

Nagata [35]

2004

Japan

29,079

> 35.0

49.6

FFQ

 

Stroke mortality

7.0

Age, EI, marital status, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol, PA, hypertension, DM, and intake of protein, potassium, and vitamin E

9

Cohen [36]

2008

US

8699

> 30.0

44.9

FFQ

 

Cardiac death, total mortality

8.7

Age, sex, race, education, added table salt, PA, alcohol, smoking, DM, history of cancer, SBP, TC, dietary potassium, weight, antihypertensive drug

9

Larsson [37]

2008

Finland

26,556

50.0–69.0

100

FFQ

 

Stroke

13.6

Age, supplementation group, smoking, BMI, SBP and DBP, SC, serum HDL, DM and CVD, PA, alcohol and EI

8

Umesawa [14]

2008

Japan

58,730

40.0–79.0

39.4

FFQ

 

Cardiac death, stroke mortality

12.7

BMI, smoking, alcohol, history of hypertension, DM, menopause, HRT, PA, educational, perceived mental stress, calcium, and potassium intake

9

Ekinci [38]

2011

Australia

638

64.0

56.0

24 h urine collection

 

Cardiac death, total mortality

9.9

Age, sex, previous CVD, eGFR, atrial fibrillation, SBP, DM duration

6

Stolarz-Skrzypek [18]

2011

Belgium

3595

40.9

47.3

24 h urine collection

 

Cardiac death, stroke, total mortality

7.9

Study population, sex, age, BMI, SBP, potassium excretion, antihypertensive drug, smoking, alcohol, DM, TC, and educational

9

Yang [16]

2011

US

12,267

> 20.0

48.1

FFQ

 

Cardiac death, total mortality

14.8

Sex, race/ethnicity, educational, BMI, smoking, alcohol, TC, HDL, PA, family history of CVD, and EI

9

O’Donnell [39]

2011

Canada

28,880

> 55.0

70.6

24 h urine collection

 

Cardiac death, stroke, total mortality

4.8

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, history of stroke or MI, creatinine, BMI, comorbid vascular risk factors, treatment allocation, fruit and vegetable, PA, SBP, and urinary potassium

7

Gardener [40]

2012

US

2657

69.0

36.0

FFQ

 

Stroke

10.0

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, alcohol, smoking, PA, EI, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, protein, DM, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, previous CVD, BMI

9

Mills [41]

2016

US

3757

57.8

55.6

FFQ

 

Stroke

6.8

Age, sex, race, clinic site, education; waist circumference, BMI, smoking; alcohol, PA, LDL, glucose; history of CVD; use of antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and BP- lowering medications, urinary creatinine excretion, baseline estimated GFR

9

Kalogeropoulos [42]

2015

US

2642

74.6

48.8

FFQ

 

Total mortality

10.0

Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, PA, previous CVD, pulmonary disease, DM, depression, BP, heart rate, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and serum glucose, albumin, creatinine, and SC

9

Horikawa [43]

2014

Japan

1588

58.7

52.5

FFQ

 

Total mortality

7.0

Age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, DM duration, LDL, HDL, log-transformed triglycerides, insulin, lipid-lowering agents, smoking, alcohol, EI, and PA

7

  1. *BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CHD coronary heart disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DM diabetes mellitus, EI energy intake, FFQ food frequency questionnaire, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GFR glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high density lipoprotein, HRT hormone replacement therapy, LDL low density lipoprotein, MACEs major cardiovascular events, MI myocardial infarction, PA physical activity, SBP systolic blood pressure, SC serum cholesterol, TC total cholesterol