Study | Publication year | Country | Sample size | Age at baseline | Percentage male (%) | Assessment of exposure | Reference category of sodium intake | Reported outcomes | Follow-up (year) | Adjusted factors | NOS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alderman [31] | 1995 | US | 2937 | 53.0 | 64.7 | 24Â h urine collection | Quartile I | Stroke | 3.5 | Age, and race | 7 |
Tunstall-Pedoe [32] | 1997 | Scotland | 11,629 | 40.0–59.0 | 49.5 | 24 h urine collection | 129.6 mmol/day | Cardiac death, total mortality | 7.6 | Age | 8 |
He [33] | 1999 | US | 9485 | 25.0–74.0 | 38.9 | 24 h urine collection | Quartile I | Cardiac death, stroke, stroke mortality, total mortality | 19.0 | Age, sex, race, SBP, SC, BMI, DM, diuretic use, PA, education, alcohol, smoking, EI | 9 |
Tuomilehto [34] | 2001 | Finland | 2436 | 25.0–64.0 | 48.2 | 24 h urine collection | < 159 mmol/day | Cardiac death, stroke, total mortality | 8.0 | Age, study year, smoking, HDL, SBP, and BMI | 9 |
Nagata [35] | 2004 | Japan | 29,079 | > 35.0 | 49.6 | FFQ |  | Stroke mortality | 7.0 | Age, EI, marital status, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol, PA, hypertension, DM, and intake of protein, potassium, and vitamin E | 9 |
Cohen [36] | 2008 | US | 8699 | > 30.0 | 44.9 | FFQ |  | Cardiac death, total mortality | 8.7 | Age, sex, race, education, added table salt, PA, alcohol, smoking, DM, history of cancer, SBP, TC, dietary potassium, weight, antihypertensive drug | 9 |
Larsson [37] | 2008 | Finland | 26,556 | 50.0–69.0 | 100 | FFQ |  | Stroke | 13.6 | Age, supplementation group, smoking, BMI, SBP and DBP, SC, serum HDL, DM and CVD, PA, alcohol and EI | 8 |
Umesawa [14] | 2008 | Japan | 58,730 | 40.0–79.0 | 39.4 | FFQ |  | Cardiac death, stroke mortality | 12.7 | BMI, smoking, alcohol, history of hypertension, DM, menopause, HRT, PA, educational, perceived mental stress, calcium, and potassium intake | 9 |
Ekinci [38] | 2011 | Australia | 638 | 64.0 | 56.0 | 24Â h urine collection | Â | Cardiac death, total mortality | 9.9 | Age, sex, previous CVD, eGFR, atrial fibrillation, SBP, DM duration | 6 |
Stolarz-Skrzypek [18] | 2011 | Belgium | 3595 | 40.9 | 47.3 | 24Â h urine collection | Â | Cardiac death, stroke, total mortality | 7.9 | Study population, sex, age, BMI, SBP, potassium excretion, antihypertensive drug, smoking, alcohol, DM, TC, and educational | 9 |
Yang [16] | 2011 | US | 12,267 | > 20.0 | 48.1 | FFQ |  | Cardiac death, total mortality | 14.8 | Sex, race/ethnicity, educational, BMI, smoking, alcohol, TC, HDL, PA, family history of CVD, and EI | 9 |
O’Donnell [39] | 2011 | Canada | 28,880 | > 55.0 | 70.6 | 24 h urine collection |  | Cardiac death, stroke, total mortality | 4.8 | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, history of stroke or MI, creatinine, BMI, comorbid vascular risk factors, treatment allocation, fruit and vegetable, PA, SBP, and urinary potassium | 7 |
Gardener [40] | 2012 | US | 2657 | 69.0 | 36.0 | FFQ | Â | Stroke | 10.0 | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, alcohol, smoking, PA, EI, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, protein, DM, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, previous CVD, BMI | 9 |
Mills [41] | 2016 | US | 3757 | 57.8 | 55.6 | FFQ | Â | Stroke | 6.8 | Age, sex, race, clinic site, education; waist circumference, BMI, smoking; alcohol, PA, LDL, glucose; history of CVD; use of antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and BP- lowering medications, urinary creatinine excretion, baseline estimated GFR | 9 |
Kalogeropoulos [42] | 2015 | US | 2642 | 74.6 | 48.8 | FFQ | Â | Total mortality | 10.0 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, PA, previous CVD, pulmonary disease, DM, depression, BP, heart rate, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and serum glucose, albumin, creatinine, and SC | 9 |
Horikawa [43] | 2014 | Japan | 1588 | 58.7 | 52.5 | FFQ | Â | Total mortality | 7.0 | Age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, DM duration, LDL, HDL, log-transformed triglycerides, insulin, lipid-lowering agents, smoking, alcohol, EI, and PA | 7 |