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Table 2 Indications for surgery of IE according to the previous studies and guidelines [22,23,24]

From: Right-sided infective endocarditis with coronary sinus vegetation

1. Patients with persistent infection who do not respond to antibiotic therapy beyond 2 weeks, except for specific pathogens that aggressive treatment should be considered early in the course of the disease (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative fungi); Perivalvular extension: abscesses, fistulas.

2. Patients with recurrent septic pulmonary emboli, confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiogram.

3. Patients with massive or worsening tricuspid regurgitation (> 2+/4+) contributing to deteriorating right (and subsequently impending left) ventricular heart failure; evaluated by echocardiography.

4. Patients in septic shock and documented right-sided IE (indication for emergency operation).

5. When the size of a vegetation increases or persists in spite of antibiotic management at > 10 mm.

6. New-onset acute or worsening renal and/or hepatic failure.

7. Patients with right-sided IE who develop a secondary (right- or left-sided) valve endocarditis (multivalvular involvement).

8. Following failure or complications of percutaneous removal of infected intracardiac wires.

9. Complicated prosthetic valve IE: Caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

  1. IE Infective endocarditis