Table 1 Descriptive statistics (Panel A) and results of the statistical tests (Panel B) for physical and psychological measures at 0, 5 and 12 months for PAPA and SPA groups

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

68.09

10.5

60.28

11.56

60.41

9.45

57.96

7.52

59.77

10.15

59.83

9.00

591.68

85.34

525.16

81.87

621.41

74.58

586.22

86.32

621.61

106.12

563.7

92.64

119.82

26.91

102.52

21.94

123.77

20.31

116.08

27.22

125.55

39.12

103.71

24.02

18.45

4.52

16.84

5.64

23.36

5.50

22.61

5.99

23.01

6.28

20.26

6.39

17.00

10.28

16.68

11.67

22.89

9.26

26.45

11.03

22.88

10.03

22.55

11.65

12.68

5.89

11.27

7.03

15.55

4.05

14.91

4.83

16.27

5.06

14.45

4.03

83,33

13,35

76,304

21,12

89,74

6,12

85,00

11,81

89,72

7,76

76,75

22,49

66,67

33,85

51,087

35,74

63,16

38,52

71,25

30,65

70,83

37,62

61,25

41,73

73,02

37,44

73,913

34,75

82,46

34,01

86,67

22,69

87,04

23,26

78,33

29,17

60,71

16,32

55,707

19,85

70,72

13,83

63,13

18,01

64,58

15,16

57,50

23,08

68,81

17,10

67,826

13,97

73,95

18,38

73,75

14,50

75,28

16,13

70,25

17,36

79,37

29,77

71,739

26,32

83,33

23,57

85,00

17,85

84,26

22,49

78,33

23,63

82,04

21,55

59,379

25,22

79,55

19,17

70,29

22,69

72,86

25,12

62,86

31,57

58,75

16,20

54,087

21,21

68,95

16,61

66,35

19,59

65,11

13,31

58,40

22,02

Panel B

F

p-value

η²

F

p-value

η²

F

p-value

η²

0 vs. 5

0 vs. 12

5 vs. 12

SPA vs. PAPA at 0

SPA vs. PAPA at 5

SPA vs. PAPA at 12

Heart rate

.01

.06

.36

.072

.115

.469

6-min walking

14.73

.00

.49

.000

0.54

.09

2.43

.13

.07

2.10

.14

.12

.006

.483

.108

Cardiac frequency after 6 min. Walking

0.311

.73

.025

.45

.93

.52

7.35

.01

.21

1.65

.21

.06

.024

.115

.469

Sit-to-stand test

47.03

.00

.752

.000

.001

.738

.911

.347

.028

.755

.478

.046

.337

.553

.110

Habits (SRBAI)

5.117

.012

.237

.003

.024

.293

.021

.886

.001

1.33

.278

.075

.925

.284

.924

Self-determination (SMS)

3.206

.053

.16

.057

.016

.807

2.11

.155

.057

.494

.614

.028

.471

.658

.232

SF-36 (Physical functionning)

4.91

0.013

0.22

0.012

0.834

0.091

3.23

0.081

0.085

2.2

0.127

0.11

0.71

0.17

0.027

SF-36 (Role physical)

0.25

0.779

0.01

0.497

0.592

0.934

0.02

0.876

0.001

1.22

0.306

0.07

0.523

0.349

0.556

SF-36 (Role-Emotional)

1.44

0.252

0.08

0.137

0.145

0.837

0.06

0.814

0.002

0.82

0.451

0.05

0.966

0.658

0.268

SF-36 (Vitality)

6.37

0.005

0.27

0.002

0.224

0.013

1.63

0.211

0.044

0.03

0.971

0.002

0.325

0.185

0.283

SF-36 (Mental Health)

2.6

0.089

0.13

0.045

0.057

0.632

0.51

0.482

0.014

0.42

0.663

0.02

0.671

0.816

0.32

SF-36 (Social functionning)

0.6

0.552

0.03

0.275

0.412

0.802

0.53

0.469

0.015

1.51

0.234

0.08

0.432

0.708

0.221

SF-36 (Bodily pain)

0.89

0.42

0.05

0.932

0.209

0.262

4.67

0.038

0.118

3.03

0.062

0.15

0.003

0.33

0.19

SF-36 (General Health)

6.33

0.005

0.28

0.001

0.093

0.014

1.36

0.251

0.039

0.31

0.735

0.02

0.25

0.507

0.23