Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic characteristics of study participants stratified by gender
Variable | Total (N = 11,258) | Female (N = 6079) | Male (N = 5179) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.86 ± 10.54 | 53.39 ± 10.32 | 54.42 ± 10.78 | < 0.001 |
Race (Han) (%) | 10,681 (94.9) | 5769 (94.9) | 4912 (94.8) | 0.893 |
Primary school or below (%) | 5629 (50.0) | 3459 (56.9) | 2710 (41.9) | < 0.001 |
Family income > 20,000 CNY/year (%) | 3709 (32.9) | 2014 (33.1) | 1695 (32.7) | 0.008 |
Low physical activity (%) | 3336 (29.6) | 2171 (35.7) | 1165 (22.5) | < 0.001 |
Diet score | 2.32 ± 1.13 | 2.13 ± 1.11 | 2.54 ± 1.10 | < 0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 3959 (35.2) | 996 (16.4) | 2963 (57.2) | < 0.001 |
Current drinker (%) | 2523 (22.4) | 177 (2.9) | 2346 (45.3) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141.69 ± 23.40 | 140.09 ± 24.02 | 143.57 ± 22.51 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.04 ± 11.75 | 80.57 ± 11.53 | 83.76 ± 11.78 | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.91 ± 1.63 | 5.87 ± 1.61 | 5.95 ± 1.67 | 0.007 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.24 (0.88–1.89) | 1.26 (0.90–1.91) | 1.23 (0.86–1.88) | 0.017 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.41 ± 0.38 | 1.41 ± 0.34 | 1.41 ± 0.42 | 0.717 |
TG/HDL-C ratio | 0.92 (0.59–1.54) | 0.93 (0.60–1.53) | 0.91 (0.58–1.57) | 0.566 |
WC (cm) | 82.43 ± 9.82 | 81.29 ± 9.73 | 83.76 ± 9.76 | < 0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.61 ± 0.08 | 1.56 ± 0.06 | 1.66 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
WHtR | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 5738 (51.0) | 2949 (48.5) | 2789 (53.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | 1175 (10.4) | 662 (10.9) | 513 (9.9) | 0.089 |
Antihypertensive drug (%)a | 1701 (15.1) | 1034 (17.0) | 667 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
Antidiabetic drug (%)a | 449 (4.0) | 294 (4.8) | 155 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering drug (%)a | 371 (3.3) | 211 (3.5) | 160 (3.1) | 0.258 |
History of CVD | ||||
 Coronary heart disease (%) | 580 (5.2) | 363 (6.0) | 217 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
 Arrhythmia (%) | 617 (5.5) | 421 (6.9) | 196 (3.8) | < 0.001 |
 Heart failure (%) | 104 (0.9) | 58 (1.0) | 46 (0.9) | 0.716 |
 CMI | 0.47 (0.29–0.82) | 0.48 (0.30–0.83) | 0.46 (0.27–0.82) | 0.002 |
 LAP (cm·mmol/L) | 25.44 (13.39–47.38) | 28.31 (16.17–50.95) | 21.95 (10.71–43.60) | < 0.001 |
ECG measures | ||||
 LVIDD (cm) | 4.74 ± 0.46 | 4.54 ± 0.41 | 4.89 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
 IVST (cm) | 0.89 ± 0.28 | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.92 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 |
 PWT (cm) | 0.87 ± 0.31 | 0.85 ± 0.33 | 0.90 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 |
 LVWT (cm) | 2.79 ± 0.28 | 2.69 ± 0.25 | 2.90 ± 0.27 | < 0.001 |
 RWT | 0.38 ± 0.33 | 0.39 ± 0.41 | 0.37 ± 0.20 | 0.050 |
 LVM (g) | 132.32 (113.63–158.21) | 122.26 (105.33–137.72) | 147.78 (128.02–174.52) | < 0.001 |
 LVMI (g/m2.7) | 36.99 (31.98–43.43) | 36.69 (31.52–42.84) | 37.40 (32.46–44.13) | < 0.001 |
 LVEDV (ml) | 104.17 ± 22.95 | 95.87 ± 19.17 | 113.94 ± 23.18 | < 0.001 |
 LVESV (ml) | 39.45 ± 13.60 | 36.16 ± 11.68 | 43.34 ± 14.64 | < 0.001 |
 LVEDVI (ml/m2.7) | 29.07 ± 6.35 | 29.18 ± 6.29 | 28.93 ± 6.42 | 0.037 |
 LVESVI (ml/m2.7) | 11.01 ± 3.76 | 11.00 ± 3.65 | 11.01 ± 3.88 | 0.902 |
 LV ejection fraction (%) | 62.05 ± 10.02 | 62.22 ± 9.76 | 61.85 ± 10.31 | 0.048 |
 Normal geometry | 8780 (78.0) | 4656 (76.6) | 4124 (79.6) | < 0.001 |
 Concentric LV remodeling | 792 (7.0) | 466 (7.7) | 326 (6.3) | 0.005 |
 Eccentric LVH | 1185 (10.5) | 689 (11.3) | 496 (9.6) | 0.002 |
 Concentric LVH | 501 (4.5) | 268 (4.4) | 233 (4.5) | 0.817 |